Timeline of Indian history

Pre 90th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
2,000,000 - 100,000 BCE
		A skull fragment found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era around 250,000 years ago. Anek R. Sankhyan describes it as "debated and conveniently interpreted as "evolved" Homo erectus or "archaic". Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Some of the Bhimbetka shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago. Madrasian Culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras),Tamil Nadu. Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture. Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite. The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India. Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000-100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu. Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE

90th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
9,000 BCE
		Early Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi permanent settlements appeared 11000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the Stone Age rock paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations.

68th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
6776 BCE		start of the Puranic dynastic list reported by Greco-Roman authors as starting in 6776 BCE

67th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
6676 BCE		beginning of the Saptarshi reckoning in 6676 BCE

60th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
6000 BCE		Stone carvings of Edakkal Caves in Kerala.

35th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
3300 BCE		Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, the so-called Indus script.

34th century BCE

Early Rigvedic Period — Books 6, 3, 7, early 1: 3400-2600 BCE. Talageri (2008)

32th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
3102 BCE		Start of Kali Yuga

31th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
3076 BCE		Start of Saptarishi cycle (Kalhana)

• first half of third millenium, 3000 BCE or 2700 BCE. Aridity sets in at Sarasvati river, the image of a free flowing Sarasvati river must belong to earlier period

27th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
2600 BCE		The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan, covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system.
2600 BCE		End of the Early Dynastic II Period and the beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period in Mesopotamia.
2900 BCE – 2334 BCE		Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.

• Francfort (1992) has even argued that the Drsadvati was already dry before 2600 BC. (Subhash Kak citing Francfort, H. P., 1992. “Evidence for Harappan Irrigation System in Haryana and Rajasthan,” Eastern Anthropologist, 45: 87–103.) (Subhask Kak in Bryant & Patton 2005)

• 2600 BCE : first known Indus-Mesopotamia contact

26th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
2600 BCE		Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The cities of Harappa, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements. The civilization began using the mature Indus script

• 2000 BCE, sudden abandonment of Kalibangan

Middle Rigvedic Period — Books 4, 2, middle 1: 2600-2200 BCE. Talageri (2008)

22th century BCE

Late Rigvedic Period — Books 5, 8, 9, 10, rest of 1: 2200-1400 BCE. Talageri (2008)

19th century BCE

• drying-up of the Saraswati river, since then a seasonal rivulet named Ghaggar, has been dated by geologists to 1900 BC.[2] ^[archive]

• 1920 BCE , (tentative) Birth of Rama. [3] ^[archive]

• It is most significant that the Puranic king-lists speak of 1924 BC as the epoch of the Mahabharhata war, that marked the end of the Vedic age. This figure of 1924 BC emerges from the count of 1500 years for the reigns prior to the Nandas (424 BC), quoted at several places in the Purajas, as corrected by Pargiter (1922). Since this epoch is virtually identical to the rough date of 1900 BC for the catastrophic drying up of the Sarasvati river, it suggests that the two might have been linked if not being the same, and it increases our confidence in the use of the Indian texts as sources of historical record. (Subhask Kak in Bryant & Patton 2005)

18th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
1800 BCE		Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago.

15th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
1500 BCE		The Mitanni kingdom, in parts of Syria and Iraq, flourished from around 1500 BCE or so, and the Kassites were known two centuries before them in around the same areas, so the Vedic ancestors of these Mitanni and Kassite kings must have left India at the very latest by the last centuries of the third millennium BCE.[4] [archive]
1500 BCE		Late RigVedic Period [5] [archive]
1500 BCE		Mahabharata War [6] [archive]

Mahabharata War

The Mahabharata War is a crucial period in Indian history. Proposed dates include:

• • 1482 or 1452 BCE (K.D. Sethna)
  • 1400 BCE (Pusalker)
  • 950 BCE (Pargiter)
  • 900 BCE (B.B. Lal)

13th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
1300 BCE		Cemetery H culture comes to an end

12th century BCE

• 1171 BCE Death of Mahavira (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)
• 1168 BCE Death of Buddha (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

10th century BCE

1000 BCE		Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE)
		Iron Age India
		1000 - 300 BCE-Kanchi district, gold mine of Megalithic sites in South India, Vijayanagara
		Iron Age kingdoms rule India— Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha.

950 BCE accession of Asoka (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light) 914 B.C. The end of Asoka's reign (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

9th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
877 BCE		Birth of Parsvanatha, 23rd Jain Tirthankara (traditional date)

802 B.C. The approximate epoch of the grammarian Panini's Ashtiidhyiiyi. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

8th century BCE

711 B.C. The Malava or Krita Era,founded perhaps by a Malava hero named Krita. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

7th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
700 BCE		The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written.

• 624, birth of Buddha (Sri Lankese chronicles)

6th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
600 BCE		Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge.
		Vedic period ends.
		The capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom was initially Korkai, all around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I.
599 BCE		Mahavira, 24th Tirthankar of Jainism is born (traditional date).
563 BCE		Siddhārtha Gautama, Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas, which is now part of Nepal.
543 BCE		The Odisha-based Prince Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king of Madurai, to whom he was sending rich presents every year. Sinhalese chronicle Mahawamsa mentions this event
538 BCE		Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquers northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
527 BCE		Nirvana of Mahavira

• 544, death of Buddha (Sri Lankese chronicles)

551 B.C. The Saka Era brought into Sind from Iran by the two Saka families , the Kshaharatas and the Kardarnakas , soon after the conquests to the west of the Indus by the first Achae- menid emperor Cyrus (558-530 B.C.). (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

510 B.C. The accession of the 23rd Satvahana king , Gautamiputra Satakarni , who in his 18th regnal year defeated Rishabhadatta, the viceroy of the Kshaharata ruler Nahapana, and caused the end of the Kshaharata dynasty. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

5th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
483 BCE		Proposed Mahaparinirvana date of Gautama Buddha at Kushinagar.

C. 500 B.c. The epoch of the Nanaghat Inscription and the major part of the political treatise Kautiltya Arthasiistra whose religious data those of this epigraph resemble. The turns of speech in the Arthasastra's original form anticipate closely some expressions in the Junagarh Inscription of the Kardamaka ruler Rudradarnan I as well as in some Gupta epigraphs. A few crucial points of administration also tally with the Gupta regime rather than the Maurya . Its mention of Sanskrit as the State language indicates too a proximity to the conditions under Rudradaman I and the Guptas. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

479 B.C. The Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I of the Karda- maka dynasty , dated [Sakal 72 from 551 B.C. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

4th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
400 BCE		Siddharta Gautama 'Buddha' of the Shakya polity in S. Nepal, founds Buddhism (older date: 563–483 BCE)
350 BCE		Panini, a resident of Gandhara, describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit.
333 BCE		Persian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
326 BCE		Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander.
		Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
321 BCE		Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire. Mauryan capital city is Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar)
305 BCE		Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire.
304 BCE		Seleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship.

390 B.C. The beginning of an uncertain period of 75 years in Magadha after the end of the Satavahanas, during the later part of which the clan of the Lichchhavis appear to have controlled that province. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

326 B.C. The crossing of the Indus by Alexander on April 13, early morning. The Naga king Chandramsa (known as Xandrames to the Greeks) reigned over the Indian interior about the Ganges and - at the head of the Gangetic peoples termed the Gangaridai by the Greeks - waited beyond the Ganges to give battle to Alexander if he should advance deeper into India. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

315 B.C . The accession of Chandragupta I (known to the Greeks as Sandrocottus), founding the dynasty of the Imperial Guptas at Pataliputra (Greek Palibothra) and initiating the Gupta Era in the year of his accession which seems to have tallied with his marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. This was a few years after his limited and local kingship in the north-west , heading an army of rebels to expel Alexander's ' prefects from that region . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C. 305 B.C. Seleucus Nicator , successor of Alexander in the East , crossed the Indus at the river's 7 mouths to Sind but was met by Chandragupta I, pushed back, chased up the right bank of the river and defeated. The enemy and his troops were designated "Bahlikas" by Chandragupta I in the inscription he set up in the wake of his victory - the famous Meherauli Pillar Inscription of King "Chandra" , topped by the emblem of Garuda (Eagle) consecrated to the God Vishnu. From this epigraph we may conclude that the Greeks, who in all their early advances towards and into India came via Bactria , old B"ahlika, modem Balkh , were known in theAth century B.c. , as Bahlikas and not as Yonas or Yavanas. The latter terms came into vogue in a subsequent period - and then too it was not exclusively applied to the Greeks. Seleucus established friendly relations with the Indian monarch. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C. 302 B.C. The arrival of Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleucus, at the court of Chandragupta I, for a long stay, during which he gathered material for his Indica. This book evinces knowledge of the traditional-Puranic chronology. Besides pro- viding a picture, partly precise partly ambiguous, of the mili- tary , political and social state of the country, it sketches the various religious practices. It has no noticeable pointer to Buddhism but records, among other things , that the worship of Heracles (the Greek for "Hari-Krishna") which is the cult of Vasudeva-Krishna (Vaishnavism, Bhagavatism) was in full swing at Mathura among the Surasenas as well as elsewhere and that Vasudeva-Krishna was connected also with the South- Indian Pandyas . All this information makes a total contrast towhat we gather from Asoka's Edicts' and reveals for the first time the maturity of Vai shnavism-Bhagavatisrn which thence- forth grew more and more, as can be seen from the Besnagar Inscription of the last quarter of the 2nd century B.c. , and whose presence is amply attested by the Guptas who were predominantly Vaishnavites and Bhagavatas . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

3rd century BCE

Year	Date	Event
273 BCE		Ashoka the Great regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Mauryan Empire.
266 BCE		Ashoka conquers and unifies most of South Asia, along with most of Afghanistan and Balochistan.
265 BCE		Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga.
		After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka reportedly regrets what he had done, leading him to adopt Buddhism, which then became the quasi-official state religion of the Mauryan Empire.
261 BCE		Conquest of Kalinga
260 BCE		Ashoka begins displaying religious tolerance, grants animal rights, builds hospitals for people and animals, treats his subjects as equals regardless of caste or creed, and promotes non-violence and republicanism.
		Ashoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka, written down using Brahmi script.
232 BCE		Ashoka dies and is succeeded by Kunala.
230 BCE		Simuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire.

c. 285 B.C. The accession of Samudragupta (known to the Greeks as Amitrachates., Sanskrit Amitrachchhettii, meaning "Mower of enemies", akin to the title given to Samudragupta in later Gupta inscriptions, Sarvariijochchhettii, "Mower of all Kings). Samudragupta, though a Vaishnavite, was a great patron of Art, Literature and Philosophy in general and encouraged Buddhism , so that it revived from the slump into which it seems to have fallen before and during the time of his father Chandra- gupta I. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

280 B.C. The probable time of the final recension of the Bhagavad Gita. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

275-225 B.C. The Greek version of the Kandahar inscription was set up by the Greek colony in Arachosia most probably in the time of Samudragupta, in whose honour a famous epigraph was engraved at Allahabad on the same stone-pillar as an Asokan edict. The period of Samudragupta's reign was part of a post - Alexandrine epoch showing, as we have indicated, the intense interest of the Greeks in matters Indian. During Samudragupta's reign King Devanarnpiyatissa who , by Ceylon's traditional chronology, ruled from 308 to 268 B.C. in that island figured under one of the categories mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription which speaks of Sarnudra- gupta's suzerainty over " the peoples of Sirnhala and other islands". This category is of countries " soliciting imperial char- ters confirming them in the enjoyment of their territories". The Ceylonese Chronicles strongly suggest Devanampiyatissa to have had a status feudatory to the contemporary King of North India. These Chronicles, however, have linked Devanarnpiya- . tissa to Asoka. Even if Asoka reigned, as modern historians hold , in 269-232 B.C. , his inscriptions cannot be understood to connect him with Ceylon, nor does Devanampiyatissa's reign- period - 308-268 B.C. - give grounds for the belief that he was formally consecrated on his throne by Asoka, whose reign started one year before Devanarnpiyatissa's ended and whose conversion to Buddhism and possible despatch of a Buddhist mission to Ceylon could not have preceded the conscience- searing Kalinga war in the 8th year of his reign. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription's expression Daivaputra- Shiihi-Shiihiinushiihi refers to Antiochus I Soter, the son of Seleucus Nicator by a Persian wife, and his successor who in- herited from Seleucus not only Syria but all Western Asia , including the old Persian Empire . He ruled from 281 to 262 B.C ., practically the same period as Samudragupta. Greek his- torians tell us of his friendly relationship with Amitrachates, the son of Sandrocottus. As master of the old Persian Empire and himself half-Persian , he would inherit the title of the Persian monarchs - not only Kshayathiya , Indian Shahi, meaning "King" but also Kshdyathiyiinam Kshiiyathiya , whose Indian equiva- lent is Shahanushahi, " King of kings". The Indian Dai vaputra would correspond to the divine honours the generals of Alexan- der assumed after their own chief had been introduced to the Indian ascetics at Taxila as "Son of God" . The spelling Daiva rather than the usual Deva is suggestive of a Persian connection, since in the Achaemenid inscriptions this spelling is always found . The Saka-Murunda of the Allahabad Pillar are the Northern and Western Sakas following the Saka Era of 551 B.C. , and the former's associate tribe of the Murundas of Langhan who later migrated to the area about the Upper Ganges delta. The Murundas and the Northern Sakas were subsumed under the name "Assakenoi" (=Asvakayana) whose capital was "Massaga" (=Masakavati) and who therefore were a shoot of the Scythian (Saka) tribe called Massagetae by Greco-Roman historians and known as Masakas, a warrior tribe of the Sakas, in Sanskrit literature. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

259 H.C. Death of Samudragupta and, as calculated by one tradition of the Puranas, the end of the hypothesised Kaliyuga of 3102 B.C. The Greek name Amitrachates could stand not only for Sanskrit Amitrachchhettii ("Mower of enemies) but also for Sanskrit Amritakhiida ("Eater of Ambrosia") and this significance would be apt for one whom the Allahabad Pillar designates "a god dwelling on earth" and achintya purusha in human form . Samudragupta in such an aspect corresponds to the Puranic Visvasphurti (also called Visvasphani) who emerges as an Avataric figure, "Vishnu's peer", in a context describing the chaotic condition at the Kaliyuga's end . Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son , styled Vikramaditya, comes to the throne. He is known as the destroyer of the Western Sakas, His coins replacing those of these Sakas were struck some time between the 90th year of the Gupta Era of 315 B.C. and his last year on the throne, the 94th. These years are 225-221 H.C. The last coins of the Sakas are in the year 310 of their era. According to us, this era was of 551 ·B.C. So the Satraps' last coins date to (551-310) 241 B.C. They fall suitably within the reign of Chandragupta II (259-221 B.C.) . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

221-181 B.C. The reign of Kumaragupta I, son of Chandragupta II, into which the famous Mandasor (Dasapura) Inscription No. 52 mentioning a Kumaragupta as "the ruler of the .earth" fits perfectly with both its chronological points - Malava years 493 and 527 - falling, as they should, within the same king's rule if we calculate from our Malava Era of 711 B.C. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

2nd century BCE

Year	Date	Event
200 BCE		Kuninda Kingdom is established.
		Tholkappiyam describes the grammar and morphology of Tamil; it is the oldest existing Tamil grammar (dates vary between 200 BCE and 100 CE). (to 100 BC)
184 BCE		The Mauryan Empire, which shrunk considerably, collapses after its emperor Brihadrata is assassinated by his general Pushyamitra Shunga. Pushyamitra Shunga then establishes the Shunga dynasty.
180 BCE		Establishment of the Indo-Greek kingdom.

181-169 B.C. The reign of Skandagupta, son of Kumaragupta I, also styled Vikramaditya. During this reign, there was again the engraving of a new inscription on a rock which already carried 14 edicts of Asoka, as well as an epigraph of the Saka Rudradaman I, which actually mentions Asoka's governor of Saurashtra, "Yavana raja Tusaspha". Here is another instance of an Asokan text accompanied by additional matter during the Gupta period. In Skandagupta's reign and even a little earlier - in the last part of Kumaragupta's - tribals from beyond the Indus irrupted into the Gupta empire . In the inscriptions on the Junagarh rock they are called by the general name "Mlechchha". In the Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Skandgupta the name "Hiina" is said to have been found , but actually it is a reconstruction by Fleet from a mutilated word. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

140 B.C. A powerful chief named Toramana who had made Kashmir his seat invaded Malava state which was then under the Gupta king Bhanugupta. Torarnana is usually reckoned as a Huna, but we have no evidence to that effect. He might have been a Kushana or a Saka, Called Shahi in one inscription of his, he seems to have been a Saka: Sakas no less than Kushanas are called Shahis. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

137 B .C. Toramana died after a short rule over Malava. His son Mihirakula ruled it for 15 years. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

124 B.C. Bhanugupta engaged him in a battle but unsuccessfully. The battle is recorded in the Eran Inscription of Gupta year 191 in honour of Bhanugupta's feudatory Goparaja who lost his life in it. The composition by the astronomer Varahamihira of his earliest book , Patichasiddhiintikii, which dates itself in year 427 of the Saka Era (of 551 B.C.) . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

122 B.C. Two Mandasor inscriptions of the year 589 of the Malava Era of 711 B.C. record the triumphs of a Malava chief named Yasodharman, the greatest triumph being his victory over Mihirakula who is said to have been humbled for the first time. Yasodharrnan differentiates Mihirakula from "the chiefs of the Hunas," and, while not mentioning any fight with the Hunas, concentrates on the defeat of Mihirakula. Yasodharrnan defeating the Saka Mihirakula and liberating Malava in 122 B.c. suggests an equation between him and the traditional Vikramaditya, the Malava king who is designated " Sakari" ("Saka-slayer") and, on a minor scale, "Hiinari", and who is associated with the era of 57 B.C. Vikramaditya is credited with .60 years of kingship. If Yasodharman is taken to have ruled from 122 to 57 B .C. he would have a reign of 65 years. Although the era of 57 B.C. is commonly regarded as having been founded by Vikramaditya, a persistent Jain tradi- tion as well as a number of inscriptions considers it as founded on Vikramaditya's death by a grateful Malava. Thus its estab- lishment may be related to the end of Yasodharman's reign . Even the .account Yasodharman gives of his empire's extent at the beginning of his reign in 122 B.C. agrees remarkably with the traditional picture of Vikramaditya's far-flung kingdom. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

1st century BCE

Year	Date	Event
100 BCE		Possible date for Kalidasa (see Elst 2007, K.D. Sethna)
80 BCE		Establishment of the Indo-Scythian kingdom.
65 BCE		The Pandyan king sends ambassadors to the Greek and Roman lands.
58 BCE		Beginning of Vikram Era

100 B.C. Mihirakula raised his head again but was vanquished by Narasirnhagupta Baladitya, a Gupta emperor. Around the same date come two Besnagar inscriptions ex- pressive of Bhagavatism. By this time the term "Yavana" for the Greeks has been brought into use in the midst of some other applications of it and it will soon be applied in general to all foreigners. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C. 75 B.C. The epoch of the grammarian Patafijali 's Mahiibhashya in which we have evidence of Bhagavatism in full flower with the mention of both Vasudeva-Krishna and Sankarashana and with reference to the former's Vyiihas (forms or phases of . conditioned Spirit) but with no allusion to the aspect of him a Narayana , an aspect found in a slightly later time. Around this date the poet and dramatist Kalidasa may have flourished . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

57 B.C. The era traditionally associated with the King Vikrama- ditya of Ujjayini, in whose court flourished , according to the Indian tradition , the " nine jewels" among whom Varahamihira is put. Though several of them would seem really to belong to different epochs, the tradition is right about Varahamihira. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C. 50-10 B iC, The Ghosundi Inscription which records the erection of a stone enclosure of worship for Bhagawat Sankarashana and Vasudeva, within the enclosure of Narayana . Here Sankarsha- na seems to have precedence of Vasudeva. A slight deviation from the Vasudeva-cult persisting from the 4th century B.C. is noticed. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

42 BiC. The death of Varahamihira in Saka 509 as reported by Amaraja. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

1st century wag1

Year	Date	Event
10		Establishment of the Indo-Parthian kingdom.
35		Western Satraps formed.
68		Establishment of the Kushan empire by Kujula Kadphises.
78		Gautamiputra Satkarni becomes Satavahana emperor and starts Shalivahana era calendar after defeating Scythian king Maues.
90		Sung jae has established kingdom.

c. 70-80 A.D. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written by an Egyptian Greek. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

78 A.D . The initial year of the Saka Era commonly believed to be the era of the Sakas coming into power but actually one marking their destruction, as shown by several inscriptions and a number of literary documents. Everything considered , the destroyer seems best figured by the various Indian legends about King Salivahana of Pratishthana as the founder of the Saka-kala. The name "Salivahana" derives from "Salavahana" which comes from "Satavahana". By the new chronology, he is a late scion of the famous Andhra-Satavahana dynasty which ruled from Pratishthana. The historical circumstances disclosed by a critical study of the Periplus and of the later Geography of Ptolemy fit him into just the period required for destroying the Sakas who had returned victoriously to Ujjayini some time after the death of Vikramaditya, their earlier conqueror, according to Indian traditions. These traditions bring both Pratishthana and the Satavahanas on the scene, telling us as they do that Kalakacharya, who had led the Sakas to Ujjayini to avenge the ravishment of his sister by Vikramaditya's father Gardabhilla,retired after Gardabhilla's defeat to the Satavahana court at Pratishthana. At some point in the last 20 years or so of the 1st century A.D., Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushanas, may have started his reign in Northern India, though not all historians agree to this period. Mostly, he is taken to have established the era of 78 A.D. with his accession-year. But even if this accession-year be accepted, how can the era of his accession be termed Saka- kala? He was a Kushana, not a Saka, and Indian literature has always distinguished his tribe from that of the Sakas by de- signating it Turushka, Tukhara or Tushara. With the removal of the Western Satraps to a past more than 600 years earlier- the Satraps who are currently considered provincial governors under the Kushanas - Kanishka's supposed connection with theseSakas who are said to have followed the era of his accession and made Saka-kala possible as its name becomes out of the question. Kanishka and his successors issued gold coins - the dinaras - resembling on the one side the Roman denarius aureus and on the other the earlier Gupta coins, also called dinaras, which had been issued from the time of Chandragupta II (259-221 B.C.)' and had derived their name from an old Persian term for a weight or else an old Indian term for an ornament. Here an allusion may be made to the comparative chronology of the Kushanas and the Guptas. The Gupta coins at the start are said to be imitations of those of the Kushanas, But the very first Gupta issues - the gold marriage-coins of Chandragupta I - are so markedly different that just where the Kushana-model should be most operative it is found ineffective in a striking degree . The later Gupta coins may be considered as having influenced the Kushana issues. Then there is the question of the goddess Ardoksho appearing in the latter as well as in some early Gupta coins. Ardoksho is often called "Roman" and therefore taken to date the early Guptas to a time when the influence of Rome on India had commenced - the Kushana age in particular. Thus this age is thought to have preceded the Guptas. But the figure the Kushanas term Ardoksho is really a Persian deity, the same as the Avestan goddesses Asi Vanuhi of "good fortune" and Parendi of "abundance". The appearance of the cornucopia, a Greek motif, along with her on Gupta coinage shows that in the post-Alexandrine epoch the Greek symbols came to be mingled with the Persian. The presence of Persian customs in the time of Sandrocottus whom we have identified with Chandragupta I is evident in the king's hair- washing ceremony reported by Megasthenes, a ceremony Hero- dotus ascribes to the Achaemenid kings. The incense-fed fire- altar on the Gupta coins could be another sign of Persia's cultural invasion. And their later repeating Archer-type might be a reflection of the most important of Persian coins, Darius I's famous "Darics" where the reverse has a kneeling Archer. The Gupta dinara varied in weight and the increase under Kumara- gupta I to 132 grains compares with the Daric's 130, while the weight of the Kushana issues remained the same from begin- ning to end: 120 grains on the average, close to the Roman denarius's 124. The major Guptas can easily be put before the Kushanas. As the Gupta dynasty, according to us, extended from 315 B.C. to 320 A.D., some of its members were naturally preceded by the families of Kadphises and Kanishka. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

2nd century

C. 130-140 A.D. The Greek geographer Ptolemy mentions a "Siroptolemeios" and a "Tiastenes" ruling at "Baithana" and "Ozene" respectively. The reference is to two members of the families known as (Sri) "Pulomas" (also called "Andhras") of Pratishthana and as "Chashtanas" (from the Saka Chashtana of the Kardamaka line) of Ujjayini. But the Greek geographer's information is often faulty with regard both to place and to time and it is very likely that the two rulers who are indicated by their dynastic and not personal names belonged to an earlier period . (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C.175 A.D . A late Gupta emperor named Srigupta, mentioned by the Chinese traveller l-tsing (last quarter of the 7th century A.D.) as hav ing flourished 500 years before him. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
240		Sri-Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra

4th century

Year	Date	Event
320		Chandragupta I ascends the Gupta throne.
335		Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire.
380		Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor.

C. 304-320 A.D. A minor Samudragupta most probably preceded by a minor Chandragupta, was contemporaneous - towards the beginning of his reign - with a Gadahara chief who , between 230 and 340 A .D. , issued coins with the name "Samudra" on them , just as his probable predecessor issued them with the stamp " Chandra". The period concerned cannot hold the great Samudragupta even on the reckoning of the currently favoured chronology. For, in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription Chandra- gupta I is stated to have handed over his throne to Samudra- gupta: the latter, to correspond to the terms in which he is named, must have been at least 25 to 30 years old at the time. But, with his father coming to the throne in 320 A.D. on marrying Kurnaradevi, his reign-period could not have begun before 345 A.D . at the earliest and most probably began in c. 350 - both of which years are too late for the Gadahara chief. The minor Samudragupta was also the San-meou-to-lo-kiu-to , whom the Chinese writer Wang-hiuen-t'se travelling in India in 647-48 A.D. mentions as having done a favour to the Ceylonese king Chi-mi-kia-po-mo (Sirimeghavanna) . Sirimeghavanna, ac- cording to the Ceylonese tradition which reckoned from a hypothetical Nirvana-era of 543 B.C., ruled from 304 to 332 A.D. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

320 A .D. The Gupta dynasty reaches the end of its 645 years - after clear initial prominence, obvious middle-stage decline and evident closing revival of a rather unpleasant character on the whole. According to the Arab traveller and scientist Alberuni (1031 A.D.) , the end of the .Guptas came to be celebrated as the Gupta Era starting 241 years after the era of 78 A.D . popularly called theSaka Era. His actual words are: "As re- gards the Gupta-kala, people say that the Guptas were wicked powerful people , and that when they ceased to exist this date was used as the epoch of an era." The use of this Gupta Era has nothing to do with the era employed by the Imperial Guptas who began their career in 315 B.C. with the king whom Megasthenes and other Greek writers mention as Sandrocottus. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

5th century

Year	Date	Event
450		Invasions by the Huna.

399-414 A.D. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien's visit to India, supposed to be during the reign of Chandragupta II , but Fa-hien does not report the name of any reigning king and some of his information is at stark variance with what we definitely know about the life in Gupta times. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

C. 425-575 A.D. A line of kings, with ups and downs of possession of Magadha, known to historians as the Later Guptas but having no ascertainable connection with the Imperial Guptas, started with Krishna-gupta and practically ended with Aditya- semi. Their very presence in this period would seem to exclude the existence of the Imperial Guptas as masters of Magadha and to discredit the current chronology and support the traditional- Puranic for Chandragupta I and his successors .(K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

6th century

Year	Date	Event
554		Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of skandagupta.

530 or 1165 A.D. The Gokak Plates of Dejja Maharaja with their year 845 of an era called " Aguptayikanam rajfiam" which, if we attend to the force of' the Sanskrit "A", means "of the kings who go up to the Guptas". "Up to" can take us either to the start of the Guptas or - more pointedly - to their end where their total number has been completed. In the second instance we would have a reference to Alberuni's Gupta-Kala marking the end of the Gupta dynasty and then the date of the Gokak Plates would be 845 years added to 320 A.D. In the first instance the reference would be to 315 B.C. and the date 845 years after it. There is no third possibility and either alternative serves to support the Puranas' chronology of the Imperial Guptas, one negatively , the other positively. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

7th century

Year	Date	Event
606		Harshavardhana crowned Monarch.
637		Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakeshin II pushes north up to the Narmada and defeats the invading Harshavardhana of Kanauj

630-643 A.D. The Aihole Inscription - in 634 A.D . - of King Pulakesin II , the successful southern opponent of King Harsha of Kanauj who is mentioned by the Chinese scholar Hiuen- Tsang as his patron during his travels in India in 630-643 A.D. Pulakesin dates his inscription in a double way. He specifies the Saka year 556 which, counted from 78 A.D ~, brings us to 634A.D. - within the period of Hiuen-Tsang's association with Harsha. Then Pulakesin specifies 3736 years after the Kaliyuga , pointing from 634 A.D. to 3102 B.C. , this yuga's traditional date. He also connects the Bharata War intimately with the Kaliyuga . .A word..on Hiuen-tsang's chronology of the Guptas will be in place here. The defeat of Mihirakula by the Gupta 'king Bala- ditya, after Yasodharrnan's victory over the former, is put by Hiuen-Tsang "some centuries ago", and not in c. 530 A.D. asmodern historians believe - that is, fairly close to 633 A.D . when the Chinese pilgrim visited Sakala which was historically connected with Mihirakula. Other Chinese authorities are at one with Hiuen-Tsang on this point. Again , the latter's sense -though exaggerative - of the Guptas having flourished soon after Buddha's Nirvana shows in general his sense of the anti-quity of these kings instead of the ir proximity to his own time as the current chronology of them (320-569 A.D.) has it. (K.D. Sethna, Ancient India in New Light)

8th century

Year	Date	Event
700		According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the immigrants Parsi are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana
712		First Muslim, Muhammad Bin Qasim defeats Raja Dahir
736		Delhi is re-established by Bilan Deo Tomar also known as Anangpal Tomar
753		Establishment of Rashtrakuta Kingdom of Manyakhet by Danti Durga by defeating Chalukyas of Badami
788		Birth of Adi Shankaracharya

9th century

Year	Date	Event
814		Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta emperor. Kannada literature flourishes.
836		Gurjara-Pratihara (to 910)
985		Rajaraja Chola ascends to the throne of Chola empire. He expands the empire to Sri Lanka and to the north to include Kalinga kingdom

10th century

Year	Date	Event
1000		Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1014		Rajendra Chola I became the king of Chola empire after his father Rajaraja Chola. During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. Rajendra’s territories extended coastal Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Maldives, conquered the kings of Srivijaya (Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula in South East Asia) and Pegu islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The Cholas became one of the most powerful dynasties in Asia during his reign. The Tamil Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. Rajendra Chola I was the first Indian king to take his armies overseas and make conquests of these territories, even though there is epigraphical evidence of Pallava presence in these very areas.
1021		Mahmud Ghazni defeats Tarnochalpal and annexes Punjab
1025		Last invasion of Mahmud Ghazni, sacked and destroyed temple of Somnath
1030		Alberuni arrives in India; death of Mahmud of Ghazni
1058		Sumra Dynasty ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over Sindh.

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1120		Kalyani Chalukyas power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama Chalukya era.
1134		Life of Basaveshwara, philosopher and social reformer. (to 1196)
1157		The Kalachuris of Kalyani under Bijjala II capture Kalyani
1175		Mohammed Ghori invades India.
1191		"Victory of Prithviraj Chauhan". First battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III.
1192		"Victory of Mohammed Ghori". Second battle of Tarain fought between Ghori and Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. Prithvi Raj Chauhan III is defeated by Mhammed Ghori.
1194		Battle of Chandawar fought between Ghauri and Jaichand of Kannauj. Ghauri defeated Jayachandra and killed him.

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1206	15 March	Gakhars kill Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River
1206	12 June	Qutb-ud-din Aibak establishes slave Dynasty later to be known as Delhi Sultanate
1210		Qutb-ud-din Aibak died while playing polo.
1221		Genghis Khan invades Punjab
1238	October	Sri Madhwacharya born in Pajaka near Udupi, Karnataka
1240	14 October	Murder of Razia Sultan by Turkish nobles.
1267		The Mahanubhava philosophy established by Chakradhar Swami.
1275		Birth of saint Dnyaneshwar.
1290		Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1310		Ala-ud-din Khilji's army under Malik Kafur occupies Devagiri ending the Seuna Yadava Kingdom
1323		Ulugh Khan defeats Prataparudra II ending the Kakatiya dynasty
1336		Vijayanagara Empire established by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I
1343		Veera Ballala III was killed at the Battle of Madurai.
1347		Governor Hasan Gangu revolts against Muhammad bin Tughluq founding the Bahmani Sultanate
1351		Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh
1370		Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil speaking parts.
1398		Timur plunders Lahore

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1401		Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India
1407		Zafar Khan: governor of Gujarat, declares himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah founding the Gujarat Sultanate/Muzaffarid dynasty
1414		Khizr Khan, deputized by Timur to be the governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty
1424		Deva Raya II succeeded his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire
1443		Abdur Razzaq visits India
1446		Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II
1451	19 April	Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty
1469	15 April	Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism is born
1483	14 February	Birth of Babur in Andijan, Fergana Valley in Central Asia
1485		Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty
1486		Advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and leader of the world's first civil disobedience movement, in Navadwip, West Bengal
1490		Ahmadnagar declares independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year thus breaking up the Bahmani Sultanate.
1494	9 June	Babur becomes the King
1498	20 May	Vasco de Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back (to 1499)

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1503		Kingdom of Kochi is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India.
1508		The Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War
1509	3 February	Battle of Diu marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theater.
1510		Portuguese India (to 1961)
1522		Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast
1526	21 April	Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat.
1527	17 March	Babur bribes Mewar general Silhadi promising Silhadi a kingdom, if Silhadi betrays Mewar King Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanwa, thus leading to the annexation of Mewar.
1530		Babur completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
1539		Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun defeated.
		Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs.
1540		Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile.
		Birth of Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar ( son of Maharana Udai Singh II )
1545	22 May	Death of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri.
1552	26 March	Guru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs.
1554	22 November	Death of Islam Shah Suri.
1555		Humayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah.
1556		Humayun converts from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam, to gain the alliance of the Shah of Persia. Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar.
		Hindu king Hemu establishes 'Hindu Raj' in North India and bestowed with title of "Vikramaditya"; Second Battle of Panipat fought between Hemu and Akbar's forces in which Hemu is killed.
1565	26 January	Battle of Talikota results in the rout of Vijayanagara empire.
1572		Akbar annexes Gujarat, also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born.
1574	1 September	Guru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs.
		Akbar annexes Bengal.
1581	1 September	Guru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs.
1586		Akbar annexes Kashmir.
1600	31 December	East India company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India.

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1605	27 October	Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir.
1606	25 May	Guru Hargobind becomes sixth guru of Sikhs.
1612	30 November	British India (to 1947)
		East India Company (to 1857 - Indian Rebellion of 1857, Meerut)
1627	February	Birth of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
1628		Jehangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jehangir dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.
1644	8 March	Guru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs
		Shivaji takes oath of Independence at Raireshwar.
1658		Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan dies, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.
1659		Shivaji's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat mighty Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh in a major upset in Indian history. Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general).
1661	6 October	Guru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs.
1665	20 March	Guru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs.
1674		Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's troops, and establishes Maratha Empire.
1675		Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs is executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion.Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs.
1680	3 April	Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad.
	20 July	Sambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire
1681		Aurangzeb invades the Deccan
1689	11 March	Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj dies.
1696	20 November	Danish India (to 1869)
1699		Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa, the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
1700	3 March	Rajaram Chhatrapati dies

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1705		Mughal army arrested for the act.
1707	3 March	Death of Aurangzeb the mughal monarch.
1708	7 October	Guru Granth Sahib becomes Guru of Sikhs.
1721	March - October	Attingal Outbreak takes place
	13–14 November	Madras cyclone occurs
1749		The Maratha Peshwa (prime minister) usurps the Maratha kingdom, starting a new dynastic rule based in Pune.
1756		Black Hole of Calcutta infamous incident where soldiers of East India Company were held hostage in tortuous conditions, later served as a precedent for the Battle of Plassey
1757	23 June	Battle of Plassey
		Company rule in India (to 1858)
1759		French India (to 1954)
1760		Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam, Maratha Empire reaches its zenith.
1760		Battle at Wandewash, British troops beat French
1761		The Marathas are routed in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle is considered one of the largest battles fought in the 18th century.
1764	22 October	Battle of Buxar (British victory against allied Mughal, Bengal and Oudh forces)
1765	12 August	Princely states (to 15 August 1947)
1767		First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Haidar Ali of Mysore defeats the combined armies of the East India Company, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
1771		Marathas re-captures Delhi and parts of North India.
1772	22 May	Ram Mohan Roy Born (to 1833)
1773		Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao.
		Regulating Act of 1773
		Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of India
1774		Chief Justice of the Maratha Empire, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew.
1775		First Anglo-Maratha War
1779		Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai.
1780		Second Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1784		Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore.
1786		District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it.
1789		Third Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1790		The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence
1792		Third Anglo-Mysore War ends.
1795	13 August	Death of Ahilyabai Holkar
1796		Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur's capital to Kangla
1798		Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1799		Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan, the victory of the East India Company, and the restoration of their ally, the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore.
		Polygar War
1800	13 March	Death of Nana Fadnavis

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1801		Maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pundits and invades Afghanistan through Khyber Pass.
1803		Second Anglo-Maratha War begins
1805		Second Anglo-Maratha War ends
1806		Vellore Mutiny
1809		East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh
1811	28 October	Death of Yashwantrao Holkar
1814		"Atmiya Sabha" Established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
1817		Third Anglo-Maratha War begins Establishment of Hindu College (Presidency College, now Presidency University, Kolkata)
1818		Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the defeat of Bajirao II and the end of the Maratha Empire leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India
1820	September	Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is born (to 1891)
1823		Anglo–Burmese Wars (to 1826)
1824	12 February	Dayananda Saraswati is born (to 1883)
1826		British rule in Burma (to 1947)
1827 in Satara India	11 April	Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule is born (to 1890)
1836		Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa is born (to 1886)
1839		First Anglo-Afghan War
1845		First Anglo-Sikh Wars (to 1849)
	4 November	Vasudev Balwant Phadke is born (to 1883)
1853		Started Post Service
1853	16 April	First Railway estalblished between Bombay and Thane
1855	30 June	Santhal rebellion
1856	25 July	Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
	23 July	Bal Gangadhar Tilak is born (to 1920)
	20 August	Narayana Guru is born (to 1928)
1857	10 May	Indian Rebellion of 1857
		Established first three University of Mumbai, University of Madras and University of Calcutta in India
1858	1 November	British Raj (to 1947)
	7 November	Bipin Chandra Pal is born (to 1932)
1859	18 April	Death of Tatya Tope
1861	7 May	Rabindranath Tagore is born.
1863	12 January	Swami Vivekanand is born (to 1902)
1865	28 January	Lala Lajpat Rai is born (to 1928)
	The high courts of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are established.
1867		"Prarthana Samaj" Established Earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha"
1869	2 October	Mahatma Gandhi is born (to 30 January 1948) Thakkar Bapa is Born (to 1951)
1873	24 September	"Satyashodhak Samaj" is a society established by Jyotirao Phule
1875		"Arya Samaj" Established
		Aligarh Muslim University
		Deccan Riots
1877	1 January	Delhi Durbar First time
1885	28 December	Indian National Congress Established
1889	3 December	[[Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940) was the founding Sarsanghachalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hedgewar founded the RSS in Nagpur in 1925, with the intention of promoting the concept of a united India rooted in indigenous ideology.[1] He drew upon influences from the Congress Party to start the RSS as a reaction to the Malabar riots.[2]]]Khudiram Bose is born (to 1908)
1891	14 April	B. R. Ambedkar is born (to 1956)
1895	11 may	jiddu krishnamurti is born (to 17 February 1986)
1897	23 January	Subhas Chandra Bose is born (to 1945)1st finger print bureau of India est in kolkata.
1899		"Mithra Mela" Established by V.D.Savarkar.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1902		Anushilan Samiti, organized revolutionary association formed.
1903		British Expedition to Tibet
		Delhi Durbar Second Time.
1904		University Act
1905	16 October	Partition of Bengal
1906		Jugantar formed.
	30 December	Muslim League formed in Dacca.
1907 1908		Surat Split Alipore bomb case
1909		Morley-Minto Reforms
1911		Cancellation of Partition of Bengal
		Delhi Durbar Third Time
1911	12 December	British government change capital city from Calcutta to Delhi.
1912		Delhi conspiracy case
1913		Gadar Party formed.
		Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize in Literature
1914		Hindu–German Conspiracy
1915		Ghadar conspiracy
		Provisional Government of India formed in Kabul.
		Mahatma Gandhi returns to India.
1916		Lucknow Pact
1917		Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha
1919		Jallianwala Bagh massacre
		Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
		Rowlatt Act is passed
1920		Non-cooperation movement Khilafat Movement
1922	5 February	Chauri Chaura incident
1924		Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is formed
1925	9 August	Kakori conspiracy
1927	November	Simon Commission
1928		Bardoli Satyagraha
1929		Central Assembly Bombed by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt.
		Purna Swaraj resolution.
1930		Salt Satyagraha, the civil disobedience movement, begins with the Dandi march
		Round Table Conferences (India) First
1931	March	Gandhi–Irwin Pact
	23 March	Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev Martyred
	September–December	Round Table Conferences (India) Second
1932	24 September	Poona Pact
	16 August	Communal Award
	November–December	Round Table Conferences (India) Third
1935	August	Government of India Act 1935
1937		Indian provincial elections, 1937
1939		All India Forward Bloc Established by Subhas Chandra Bose
1940	23 March	Lahore Resolution
	8 August	August offer 1940
1942
	Late March	Cripps' mission
	August	1.Quit India movement and 2. Indian National Army Established by Subhas Chandra Bose
1943		Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, the Provisional Government of Free India formed by Netaji.
1944		Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi as the Father of the Nation.
1945		Wavell Plan Simla Conference.
1946	February	Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
	March	Cabinet Mission
	16 August	Direct Action Day/Great Calcutta Killings
1947	July	Indian Independence Act 1947 by British Raj.
		Partition of India and Pakistan becomes an independent state on 14 August 1947.
		Freedom from British Raj.
		Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition. (to 1948)
1948	30 January	Mahatma Gandhi assassinated by Nathuram Godse.
		War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir.
		Telangana and other princely states integrated in Indian union
1950	26 January	India became Republic.
1951		Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. (to 1952)
1955		Nationalisation of Indian Insurance Sector. Establishment of LIC.
1956	14 October	Dr B.R Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers.
1962		war over disputed territory of Kashmir with China.
		India won Diu, Daman and Goa from Portuguese India.
1964	27 May	Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
1965	6–23 September	Second war with Pakistan over Kashmir.
1966		Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister.
1971		Third war with Pakistan over creation of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan.
		Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union.
1974		India explodes first nuclear device in underground test.
1975		Indira Gandhi declares state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice.
		Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. (to 1977)
1977		Indira Gandhi's Congress Party loses general elections. Janata Party comes to power.Communist party of India comes into power in West Bengal.
1979		Janata Party Splits. Chaudhary Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister.
1980		Indira Gandhi returns to power heading Congress party splinter group, Congress (Indira).
1983		N. T. Rama Rao NTR's 9 month old Telugu Desam Comes in to Power in AP marks a new Challenger post Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan against Indira
1984		Troops storm Golden Temple - Sikhs' most holy shrine (after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale amasses weapons inside this Holy Shrine)- to flush out Sikh terrorist pressing for self-rule, called Operation Blue Star. "Anti-Sikh Riots 1984".
		Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikh bodyguards, following which her son, Rajiv, takes over.
		Many Sikhs were killed due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. see 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
1987		India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict.
1988		SEBI was established by The Government of India on 12 April 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament.
1989		Falling public support leads to Congress defeat in general election.
1989		National Front (India) Headed by V. P. Singh and led by Janata Dal formed and stormed into power with outside support from BJP and CPI.
1990		Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence in Kashmir.
1991		Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers.
		Economic reform programme begun by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
1992		Babri Mosque in Ayodhya is demolished, triggering widespread Hindu-Muslim violence.
		Over 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha, after drinking illegally brewed liquor in the 1992 Odisha liquor deaths incident.
1995	July	West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India
1996		Congress suffers worst ever electoral defeat as BJP emerges as largest single party.
1996	August	The Amarnath Yatra tragedy in which at least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms.
1998		BJP forms coalition government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
		India carries out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation.
1999	February	Vajpayee makes historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration.
	May	Tension in Kashmir leads to brief war with Pakistan-backed forces in the icy heights around Kargil in Indian-held Kashmir.
	October	Cyclone devastates eastern state of Odisha, leaving at least 10,000 dead.
2000	March	US President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties.
	May	India marks the birth of its billionth citizen.
	November	States of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh & Uttranchal(Uttrakhand) were created on 15 November 2000

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2001		A high-powered rocket is launched, adding India to the club of countries able to fire big satellites deep into space.
	26 January	The 7.7 Mw Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured.
	July	Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir.
	July	Vajpayee's BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf.
	September	US lifts sanctions which it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign.
	October	India and Pakistan fire at each other's military posts in the heaviest firing along the dividing line of control in Kashmir for almost a year.
	October	Pakistani forces shelled the village of Arnia about three km (two miles) from the border in the early hours of Monday June 6, killing five and wounding at least two dozen civilians.
	December	Suicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen die in the assault.
	December	India imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions, and bans the groups in January.
	December	India, Pakistan mass troops on common border amid mounting fears of a looming war.
2002		War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies. Actual war seems imminent.
	January	India successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile - the Agni - off its eastern coast.
	February	Inter-religious bloodshed breaks out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya are killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people, die in subsequent riots. (Police and officials blamed the fire on a Muslim mob; a 2005 government investigation said it was an accident, though later court and SIT report held Muslim mob responsible.)
	May	Pakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles, which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
	June	UK, US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan, while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war.
	July	Retired scientist and architect of India's missile programme A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is elected president.
2003	August	At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay.
	November	India matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire.
	December	India, Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights.
2004	January	Groundbreaking meeting is held between government and moderate Kashmir separatists.
	May	Surprise victory for Congress Party in general elections. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister.
	September	India, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan, launches an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
	November	India begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir.
	December	Thousands are killed when tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
2005	July	More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region.
	8 October	An earthquake, with its epicentre in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, kills more than 1,000 people in Indian-administered Kashmir.
2006	February	India's largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty.
	March	US and India sign a nuclear agreement during a visit by US President George W Bush. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme.
2007	February	India and Pakistan sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war.
	18 February	68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train travelling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore.
	March	Maoist rebels in Chhattisgarh state kill more than 50 policemen in a dawn attack.
	April	India's first commercial space rocket is launched, carrying an Italian satellite.
	May	Government announces its strongest economic growth figures for 20 years - 9.4% in the year to March.
	May	At least nine people are killed in a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Hyderabad. Several others are killed in subsequent rioting.
	July	India says the number of its people with HIV or AIDS is about half of earlier official tallies. Health ministry figures put the total at between 2 million and 3.1 million cases, compared with previous estimates of more than 5 million.
	July	Pratibha Patil becomes first woman to be elected president of India.
2008	July	Series of explosions kills 49 in Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state. The little-known group Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility.
	October	Following approval by the US Congress, President George W Bush signs into law a nuclear deal with India, which ends a three-decade ban on US nuclear trade with Delhi.
	October	India successfully launches its first mission to the moon, the unmanned lunar probe Chandrayaan-1.
	November	Nearly 200 people are killed and hundreds injured in a series of coordinated attacks by gunmen on the main tourist and business area of India's financial capital Mumbai. India blames militants from Pakistan for the attacks and demands that Islamabad take strong action against those responsible.
	December	India announces "pause" in peace process with Pakistan. Indian cricket team cancels planned tour of Pakistan.
2009	February	India and Russia sign deals worth $700 million, according to which Moscow will supply uranium to Delhi.
	April	Trial of sole surviving suspect in Mumbai attacks begins.
	May	Resounding general election victory gives governing Congress-led alliance of PM Manmohan Singh an enhanced position in parliament, only 11 seats short of an absolute majority.
	July	Delhi court decriminalizes gay sex
2010	February	16 people are killed in a bomb explosion at German Bakery in the city of Pune, Maharashtra.
	May	Surviving gunman of 2008 Mumbai attacks is convicted of murder, possession of explosives and waging war
2011	May	After 34 years of Left Front Government, Trinamool Congress and Congress alliance come to power in West Bengal
2012	July	Pranab Mukherjee, the former Finance Minister is elected as the 13th president of India.
	November	Ajmal Kasab the lone surviving gunman of 2008 Mumbai attacks is hanged on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 in at Yerwada Jail.
2013	12 February	Indian helicopter bribery scandal comes to light.
	21 February	Terror attacks in Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area.
	5 November	Mars Orbiter Mission, is successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
2014	16 May	Narendra Modi elected as prime minister of India, Congress was routed in the general elections.
	2 June	Telangana The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.
2016	2–5 January	Terror Attacks on Pathankot Air Base.
	27 June	India becomes a member of Missile Technology Control Regime.
7June	Unrest in Kashmir.

Time between Rigveda and Ramayana and Mahabharata

• • Elst: The great-grandfather of the Kaurava and Pāndava warriors is Śantanu. His stepson is Kṛṣṇa Dvaipayana who becomes the final editor of the Veda-TrayĪ, hence nicknamed Veda-Vyāsa. This Vyāsa is also the sperm donor who stands in for his early-deceased half-brother VicitravĪrya in order to father upon the latter’s widows the sons Dhrtarāṣṭra and Paṇḍu, thus becoming the grandfather of the Kauravas c.q. the Pāṇḍavas. The Vedas seem to confirm this historical placement of Vyāsa: his stepfather Śantanu is the last human being mentioned in the Ṛg-Veda, his biological son Dhrtarāṣṭra the last person mentioned in the Yajur-Veda. (The Atharva-Veda took a few generations longer, with Arjuṇa’s grandson Parīkṣit, or Vyāsa great-great-grandson, as the youngest person mentioned.) ... Thus, it is commonly believed that the Parāśara who was with his grandfather Vasiṣṭha in the early-Vedic Battle of the Ten Kings was the same man who sired Vyāsa: Vasiṣṭha sired Śakti sired Parāśara sired Vyāsa, which would mean that the dozens of generations between the early Ṛg-Veda and its final editing get reduced to just four generations. So more realistically, the Vasiṣṭha (and similarly Bharadvāja and Viśvāmitra) who is part of Rāma’s life is a descendant of but not identical with the early-Vedic sage of that name. No: “The Early-RV Vasiṣṭha (the priest of Sudās), Śatayātu and Parāśara are mentioned as the witnesses of the Dāśarājña Battle (7.18.21). As per RV Anukramaṇi, Śakti composed the hymn RV 7.32. (…) These Vasiṣṭha, Śakti and Parāśara belonged to Early-RV. The Late-RV Vasiṣṭha composed many hymns in RV 9 & 10. The Late-RV Śakti composed the hymns RV 9.97 and RV 9.108. The hymn RV 9.97 was jointly composed by his son Parāśara Śāktya. Śakti’s descendent Gaurivīti Śāktya composed RV 10.73 and RV 10.74. Thus, there were individuals by the name Vasiṣṭha, Śakti and Parāśara in Late-RV too. The Vasiṣṭha and Śakti of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa and the MBh were Late-RV and different from the Early-RV ancestors. The Late-RV Vasiṣṭha is contemporary to Aja. Vasiṣṭha’s son Śakti is contemporary to Aja’s son Daśaratha. Śakti’s son Parāśara is contemporary to Rāma and hence also to Śantanu. Parāśara’s son Vyāsa is contemporary to Rāma’s son Lava and also to Śantanu’s son Vicitravīrya. This perfectly matches with the chronology of MBh.” (p.403) Alright, that was a long run-up before coming to our points. Firstly, according to Nadumuri, Rāma is the same person as the Rāma mentioned as a mighty one among the sponsors in RV 10:93:14, so in the very last stage of the RV. It already stood to reason that Rāma belonged somewhere in the long Vedic age, but this specification toward its very last phase is somewhat surprising. Equally surprising is that he would be mentioned in the Ṛg-Veda at all... This means Rāma belonged to the final stratum of the Ṛg-Veda, and came three generations earlier than the Kauravas, Pāṇḍavas and Kṛṣṇa. [7] ^[archive]
  • Elst: But an important implied chronology of the Vedas follows from the dating of the Mahābhārata, which started shortly after the Vedas reached completion. The connection between the two is the person of Kṛṣṇa Dvaipayana, better known as Veda-Vyāsa. The tradition that he edited the Vedas (or at least the Veda-trayī, i.e. minus the Atharva-Veda) and that he was the biological grandfather of the epic’s main protagonists, clearly has a historical core: the last person mentioned in the Ṛg-Veda is his stepfather Śantanu, the last in the Yajur-Veda his son Dhṛtarāṣṭra, both older participants in the epic drama. So, the completion of the Vedas narrowly predates the start of the epic. (The Atharva-Veda still manages to name Arjuṇa’s grandson Parīkṣit, sired during the battle.) [8] ^[archive]

Dates proposed for the Mahabharata War

• • 3139 BCE [9] ^[archive]
    • The Mahābhārata’s core, the Kurukṣetra battle between two branches of the Bhārata dynasty, is usually taken to have happened 37 years before protagonist Kṛṣṇa’s death, with the latter dated to 3102 BC and equated to the beginning of the Kali Yuga; so in 3139. The first to come up with this chronology, at least implicitly, is the scientist Āryabhaṭa ca. 500 AD, and shortly thereafter it makes its first public appearance in the Aihole inscription. [10] ^[archive]
  • 3067 BCE Elst : Narahari Achar (2012)’s dating of astronomical events, mostly eclipses, mentioned in the Vedas and the Mahābhārata, taken to yield -3067 for the Kurukṣetra battle [11] ^[archive]
  • 1783 BCE [12] ^[archive]
  • 1504 BCE [13] ^[archive]
  • 1478 BCE [14] ^[archive]
  • between the 19th and the 14th century BCE
  • earlier -2nd millennium.: Elst: Bhīṣma on his deathbed manages to postpone his death until the asterism Māgha (meaning the asterism marked by the Maghā or Regulus), which he specifies falls after the Uttarāyaṇa or Winter Solstice. Now, the star Maghā/Regulus falls practically at the beginning of this asterism and must have passed the solstice, but Bhīṣma waits till the eighth day after the month’s beginning to breathe his last (Bhīśmāṣṭamī). The principal star Regulus itself passed the solstitial axis precessionally in the -23rd century. Seven days corresponds to a precessional 500 years, so this yields the 18th century, or up to a few centuries later depending on whether Regulus had already passed the solstice by a few degrees. We know therefore that the Kurukṣetra battle fell at least later than the -23rd century, and normally not earlier than the -18th century, such as the 1783 date argued for by Bhatnagar (…) and Ravi (2023), or -1504 preferred by … (),. For the present purpose we won’t follow the attempts at a higher precision but remain satisfied that it must be in the earlier -2nd millennium. This implies that the Vedic period ended very early in the -2nd millennium, which happens to coincide with the general social disintegration following the archaeologically attested desiccation of the Sarasvatī river. [15] ^[archive]

See also

• Timeline of Mumbai history
• Timeline of Ahmedabad
• Chronology of Tamil history
• Timeline of Buddhism (563 BCE – present)
• Timeline of Ayyavazhi history
• Timeline of Jainism
• Sikh Gurus (1469–1666)
• History of cricket (1066–present)
• Hindu units of time
• Tamil units of measurement

Further reading

• Vedveer Arya [16] ^[archive] [17] ^[archive] [18] ^[archive] [19] ^[archive]
• Pusalker, in History and Culture of Indian people, Volume 1: The Vedic Age [Prehistory to 600 B.C.]
• Pargiter 1922
• Morton Smith 1957
• HC Raychaudhuri , Political history of ancient india
• GP Singh, Early Indian historical tradition and archaeology.
• Chakrabarti, D. K., 1997. Colonial Indology: Sociopolitics of the Ancient Indian Past. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

External links

• Vide Heinz Bechert, ed.: When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha, and Sriram Sathe: Dates of the Buddha.
• I consider the theory that Zarathushtra lived in the 6th century BC (by common chronology roughly contemporaneously with the Buddha, in Karl Jaspers' mythical Achsenzeit or Axial Age), as sufficiently disproves, see e.g. Pangborn: op.cit., p.4.
• http://indiafacts.org/new-dating-mahavira-based-malava-era/ ^[archive]
• BBC India Timeline ^[archive]
• http://veda.wikidot.com/hindu-timeline ^[archive]
• https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-things-every-Indian-should-know-about-Indian-history?share=1#!n=204 ^[archive]
• http://indiafacts.org/article-2-force-fitting-of-evidence-in-the-making-of-indian-history/ ^[archive]
• http://indiafacts.org/flawed-sheet-anchors-of-indian-history/ ^[archive]
• http://indiafacts.org/who-was-sandrokottos-chandragupta-maurya-or-chandragupta-i-of-imperial-gupta-dynasty/ ^[archive]
• http://www.sanskritimagazine.com/history/main-kingdoms-of-ancient-india-as-described-in-the-epics/ ^[archive]
• http://indiafacts.org/on-the-chronological-framework-for-indian-culture-1/ ^[archive] http://indiafacts.org/on-the-chronological-framework-for-indian-culture-2/ ^[archive]
• https://projectbharata.substack.com/p/a-chronology-of-ancient-india?s=r ^[archive]
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3bpBclIyxg ^[archive] Reconstruction of Indic Chronology by Pandit Kota Venkatachalam : Part 2 | Shri. Sastry Yanamandra
• https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/02/02/blunders-in-saka-epoch-buddha-nirvana-led-to-problems-in-indian-chronology/ ^[archive]

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Hinduism&oldid=1037401802 ^[archive]

https://www.academia.edu/63298866/In_Quest_of_the_Dates_of_the_Vedas ^[archive]