List of massacres in India

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A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

Pre-colonial India[edit]

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Massacre of Mathura 1018 Mahawan district, Mathura 50,000 Hindus The Hindu victims were killed by drowning or by using swords, the massacre was accompanied by the destruction of 1,000 temples in the district. [1][2]
Massacre at the Somnath Temple 1024 Prabhas Patan, Gujarat >50,000 Hindus After the slaughter, Mahmud of Ghazni proceeded to loot and destroy the Somnath temple. [3]
Massacre of Ajmer 1193 Ajmer, Rajasthan 100,000 Hindus By Muhammad of Ghor. [4]
Massacre of Gwalior 1196 Gwalior Fort 100,000 Hindus By Qutb al-Din Aibak. [5]
Massacre at Nalanda 1197 Nalanda district, Magadha approximately 10,000 Buddhist monks and students By Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji. [6]
Massacre of south Dehli 1265 South Dehli,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

100,000 Hindu Rajputs of Mewat Almost all the Rajputs of Mewat were completely exterminated by Dehli Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban during the massacre. [7][8]
Mass-killings by the Thuggee 1290s–1870s Indian subcontinent 500,000–2,000,000 people Roughly 600 years of this criminal operation was finally obsolete after suppressed by the British colonial authorities of India after the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people killed and robbed by the Thuggee. [9]
Massacre at Ranganathaswamy Temple 1323 Srirangam, Pandyan dynasty 12,000 Hindus pannīrāyirum tirumuḍi tiruttiya kalāpam : 12,000 Hindus gathering at or around the temple were slaughtered by Muhammad bin Tughluq's soldiers. "no less than 12,003 Vaishnavites, including, Sudarsana Bhatta, the author of Sruta Prakasika, were put to death by the heartless marauders" [10]
Mass killings in Bengal by Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1353–13?? Bengal 180,000 Hindus Firuz Shah paid for the 180,000 heads of Hindus massacred by his soldiers. [11]
Massacres around Vijayanagara 1366 districts surrounding Vijayanagara,

Vijayanagara Empire

500,000 Hindus A total of 500,000 Hindus were massacred in all the districts surrounding Vijayanagara by the Bahmani Sultanate soldiers. In Raichur Doab alone, 70,000 Hindus regardless of age were massacred by the army of the Bahmani Sultanate, not even pregnant women were spared. The districts were turned to waste after they were destroyed. [12][13]
Timurid mass-killings in Haryana 1398 Haryana,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

>4,500,000 Hindus Timur himself admitted that every soldier in his army killed from 50 to 100 Hindu men, women and children in Haryana. As timur had a replenisable supply of 90,000 soldiers during the invasion, we can conclude that Timur's soldiers killed more than 4.5 million people in Haryana by using the minimum number of Hindus killed by each soldier multiplied by the Timur's average number of soldiers. [14][15]
Timurid massacre of Bhatner 1398 Bhatner fort,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

unknown (the whole population of the fort) The entire population living in the fort was killed by Timur's army after its capture. [16]
Timurid massacre of slaves December 1398 Loni, Ghaziabad,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

100,000 women and children slave captives Before the battle of Delhi commenced, Timur ordered his soldiers kill the 100,000 captives they caught due to their incapability of supporting the large number of slaves. [17]
Timurid massacre of Dehli 1398 Dehli,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

>150,000 Non-Muslims In Timur's own words, "Excepting the quarters of the sayyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans (Muslims), the whole city was sacked". The skulls of the massacred victims were piled up to form pyramids in the city. After the massacre ended, the few remaining survivors either died of famine and disease or were enslaved. [18][19][20]
Timurid massacre of Meerut 1399 Meerut,

File:Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png Delhi Sultanate

300,000 Hindus The massacre took place due to the people of Meerut beating one of Timur's soldiers to death for raping a Hindu woman. [21][22]
Masssacre of Khanwa March 1527 Khanwa,

File:Drapeau Udaipur Mewâr.png Udaipur State

200,000 Hindus 100,000 Rajput prisoners and another 100,000 innocent bystanders were massacred by Babur. [23]
Masssacre of Ghara 1560 Garha-Katanga Kingdom (now Narsinghpur district) 48,000 Hindu peasants and Rajputs Ordered by Emperor Akbar. [24]
Massacre of Vijayanagara 1565 Vijayanagara,

Vijayanagara Empire

>100,000 Hindus More than 100,000 civilians who didn't leave the city were all massacred by the soldiers of the Deccan sultanates. Besides this, widespread destruction of Hindu temples and buildings also took place in the city, destroying most of the large temple centres. [25][26]
Siege of Chittorgarh February 1568 Chittor Fort,

File:Drapeau Udaipur Mewâr.png Udaipur State

30,000 Akbar ordered the massacre of civilians for helping the fort's resistance. After 8,000 Rajputs were slain, every single one of their 8,000 wives committed suicide after they were going to being enslaved. [27]
Mass-killings of non-Muslims by Emperor Aurangzeb Somewhere during 1618–1707 Mughal Empire 4.6 million people The mass killings happened during the reign of Aurangzeb who ordered one of the strongest campaign of religious violence against non-Muslims in the Mughul Empire's history, with an estimated 4.6 million people massacred and killed. One such incident that took place was when Aruangzeb massacred 150,000 Brahmins and their families in Benares, Ganga ghat, Haridwar, etc. Aruangzeb later made a mountain of skulls of the Hindu Brahmins and their children which was visible from 10 miles away in certain places. [28][29]
Massacres during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire 1738–1740 Northern India,

Mughal Empire

300,000 people Persian invaders massacre Indian civilians [30]
Massacres after the Battle of Panipat 1761 Panipat, Haryana,

File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Maratha Empire

40,000-70,000 Maratha soldiers About 22,000 Maratha women and young children enslaved by the Afghans [31][32]
Mangalore Christian massacre 1784–1799 Srirangapatna,

File:Flag of Mysore.svg Kingdom of Mysore

5,600 Christians Persecution of Mangalore Catholic Christians by Tippu Sultan [33]
Mandyam Iyengars Massacre by Tipu Sultan 1790 Melkote, Karnataka, 800 families of Iyengar Brahmins 800 families of Mandyam Iyengars in Melkote were slaughtered by order of Tipu Sultan on the day of Naraka Chaturdasi. Since this horrific event, Mandyam Iyengars mourn this day and do not celebrate Deepavali or Naraka Chaturdasi [34]

Colonial India[edit]

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Goa Inquisition 1560–1812 (252 years) Goa, File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portuguese India Tens of thousands of non-Catholic Goans Wholesale massacres of Hindus, Muslims, non-Catholic Christians and Jews by Portuguese inquisitors, thousands of women were raped and 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. [35]
Massacres by General Neill June–July 1857 Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas, File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it [36]
Delhi Palace, peepal tree massacre 16 May 1857 Delhi, File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India ~ 40 - 52 Europeans Bahadur Shah's palace servants executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Siege of Cawnpore, 5–25 June 1857 Cawnpore, File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India ~ 1,000 Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to mutiny, and join Nana Sahib
Satichaura Ghat massacre 27 June 1857 Kanpur, File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India ~ 200 British officers Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces [37]
Bibighar massacre 15 July 1857 Kanpur, File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India ~ 200 British women and children The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear. [38]
Massacres of Indians during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 1857–1859 File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg Company rule in India >100,000 to 10,000,000 Indians (mostly civilians) Due to military orders and of widespread massacres and revenge killings of both Indian civilians and captured rebels. In Oudh alone, 150,000 Indians were killed of whom 100,000 were civilians. Places such as Dehli, Allahabad, Kanpur and Lucknow were met with general massacre after they were recaptured by British troops. [39][40][41]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla 17–18 January 1872 Malerkotla, Punjab, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj ~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be blown away with guns, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively. [42]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 Amritsar, Punjab, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 379-381 dead, ~1,100 mostly Sikhs, some Muslims and Hindus injured Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a unarmed, nonviolent group of protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims.
Moplah Rebellion 1922 Malabar, Kerala, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 2,337-10,000 Hindus (1,00,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre 23 April 1930 Peshawar, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20 - 230 protesters After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bizarre two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Culcutta Riots 15 August – 17 September 1946 West Bengal, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims. Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All India Muslim League [43]
Noakhali riots September–October 1946 East Bengal, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 5,000 Hindus By Muslims in reaction to Culcutta killings. Muslim community attacked Hindu community for wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 50,000 to 75,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps [44][45][46]
Bihar Massacre 30 October – 7 November 1946 Bihar, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj 2,000-30,000 Muslims By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots [47]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence November 1946 United Provinces, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj at least 214 Muslims partition of the country into India and Pakistan loomed. [48]
Partition of India 14–15 April 1947 Punjab, Dehli and Sindh, File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Raj, Dominion of India and File:Flag of Pakistan.svgDominion of Pakistan ~ 200,000 - 2,000,000 people Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000-25,000 Muslims in Dehli by Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[49][50][51][52]

Independent India[edit]

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Anti-Brahmin riots of 1948 January 1948 Paschim Maharashtra 500-2000

5000+ (Unofficial estimates)

600-900 (Estimate of injured persons)

Post the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948, at the hands of Nathuram Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin, there were heavy reprisals on the community by Congress supporters in notable regions of Western Maharashtra like Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Solapur. Aspects of the violence included arson, looting of Brahmin households, assaults on Brahmins, the nature of which turned fatal in numerous instances. Allegedly, the Nehru administration swept the riots under the rug. [53][54]
Hyderabad massacre of 1948 1948 File:Hyderabad State Flag.gif Hyderabad State 27000 - 40,000 (Official Estimate)

200,000 (Scholarly Estimate) Muslims killed.

Massacred by Hindus, and Indian army, as army and police unarmed Muslims in the state but let the Hindus keep their weapons after the Nizam was defeated. [55][55]
Kilvenmani massacre 25 December 1968 Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu 44 Killed agricultural workers vs landlord
1969 Gujarat riots 1969 Gujarat 660 Hindu-Muslim riots; 430 Muslims
Turkman gate demolition and rioting 1976 Delhi officially 6, unofficially 150 killed by police (nearly all Muslims) Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence. [56]
Marichjhapi incident January 31, 1979 West Bengal Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan [57]
Moradabad riots 1980 Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot [58]
Mandai massacre 1980 Tripura 255-500 Bengali Hindu refugees [59]
Nellie massacre 18 February 1983 Assam 2,191 Bengali Muslims in Assam [60]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 23 February 1984 Punjab 11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October – 4 November 1984 Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India 2,800 to 8,000 Sikhs all over India Series of pogroms by Congress supporters after Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh massacres) 2 November 1984 Hondh-Chillar, Haryana 32 Sikhs Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 28 March 1986 Ludhiana, Punjab 13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 29 March 1986 Jalandhar, Punjab 20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 25 July 1986 Mukatsar, Punjab 15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 30 November 1986 Khudda, Punjab 24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre 22 May 1987 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) July 1987 Fatehbad, Haryana 80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 6 August 1987 Punjab 13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Hazaribagh massacre September 1989 Hazaribag 53 Hindus and 20 Muslims.
Bhagalpur riots October 1989 Bhagalpur, Bihar The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims. Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Pandit genocide 1990s Kashmir 219-399 Hindus 140,000 to 192,000 Hindus were forced to abandon their ancestral land. [61][61][62]
Gawakadal massacre 20 January 1990 Srinagar, Kashmir 50 Kashmiri protesters Indian Forces opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters, while resorting to heavy stone pelting.
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) 15 June 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) December 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 49 (mostly Hindus)
Ayodhya police firing October 30, 1990 Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 16 Hindus (official figure) Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya and attempted to attack the Babri masjid. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river. [63][64][65]
1991 Anti-Tamil violence of Karnataka 12–13 December 1991 Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka 18 Tamils Response to anti-Kannada activities by Tamils in Bengaluru Nagara district.
Bombay Riots December 1992 – January 1993 Mumbai 575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya
Sopore massacre 6 January 1993 Sopore, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protesters Firing on procession by Security Forces
Bijbehara Massacre October 22, 1993 Bijbehara, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protestors Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
Rampur Tiraha firing case 1–2 October 1994 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand activists Police fired to stop protesters to go to Delhi and some women were allegedly raped and molested in the ensuing melee.
1997 Ramabai killings 11 July 1997 Ramabai colony, Mumbai 10 people of the Dalit caste A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1 December 1997 Arwal district, Bihar 58 people of the Dalit caste Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992. [66]
1998 Wandhama massacre 25 January 1998 Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir 23 Kashmiri Pandit Unknown gunmen
1998 Prankote massacre 17 April 1998 Jammu and Kashmir 26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre 19 June 1998 Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir 25 Hindus Muslim Terrorist groups
1998 Chamba massacre 3 August 1998 Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh 35 Hindus Communal Riots
Chittisinghpura massacre 20 March 2000 Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 36 Sikhs Islamic Terrorist groups
Gourangatilla massacre 2000 Tripura 16 non-tribal Hindus By Christian extremist. Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura [67]
Bagber massacre 20 May 2000 Tripura 25 non-tribal Hindus By Christian extremist. Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura [67]
Tripura Tribal massacre (Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura) 1999–2000 Tripura 20 tribal Hindus Includes murder of tribal Hindu spiritual leader Shanti Kali, and Hindu religious leader Labh Kumar Jamatia. [68][69]
Nanoor massacre 27 July 2000 West Bengal 11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 1 August 2000 Jammu and Kashmir 30 (Hindu pilgrims) Muslim Terrorist groups
2001 Kishtwar massacre 3 August 2001 Jammu and Kashmir 19 Hindus Muslim Terrorist groups
Godhra massacre 27 February 2002 Godhra, Gujarat 59 Hindus Hindu passengers burnt alive in a train fire by radical Muslim mob. The commission set up by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime. [70][71][72]
2002 Gujarat Violence 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 2,044 people were killed (1254 Muslims and 790 Hindus), 2,500 injured. Communal Violence [73]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Naroda, Ahmedabad 97 Muslims [74][75][76]
Raghunath Hindu temple massacre I (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 30 March 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees) Muslim Terrorist
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre 13 July 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 29 Hindus Terror Attack
Akshardham Temple attack 24 September 2002 Gujarat 29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) terrorists groups
Raghunath Hindu temple massacre II (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 24 November 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees) terrorists groups
2003 Nadimarg Massacre 23 March 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 24 Hindus terrorists groups
2002 Kaluchak massacre 14 May 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 31 terrorists groups attack Tourist bus and Army's family quarter attacked.
Marad Massacre May 2003 Kerala 8 killed, 58 injured - A.
2006 Varanasi bombings March 2006 Uttar Pradesh 28 killed, 101 injured -Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted Terrorist attack Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre 30 April 2006 Jammu & Kashmir 35 Hindus terrorists
Samjhauta Express Massacre 18 February 2007 Diwana station 68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees [77]
Tumudibandh violence (part of the Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda) August 2008 Orissa 5 Hindus By Christian extremists
Kandhamal riots August 2008 Orissa 42 Christians [78]
Mumbai massacre 26 November 2008 Mumbai 164+(11 Attacker) & (600+ Injuries) 11 coordinated attacks by foreign terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed.[citation needed] [79]
2010 Dantewada bus bombing 17 May 2010 Chhattisgarh 76 Maoist terrorist attacked civilian bus
2012 Assam violence July 2012 Assam 77 Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian & Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Muslims
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 25 May 2013 Chhattisgarh 28 28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured Eve-teasing, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Jats & the Muslim community.
2014 Meerut riots 10 May 2014 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 3 killed and 50 injured [80][81]
2014 Saharanpur riots 25 July 2014 Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 3 killed and 33 injured [82]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  1. ↑ Shashi Bhushan Sahai. The Hindu Civilisation: A Miracle of History [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. ↑ Do your History textbooks tell you these Facts? [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ Many Muslim historians have written about religious violence in India during the 11th century. For example, see Habibu-s Siyar's Khondamir, Haidar Razi's Tarikh-i Alfi, works of Nizamuddin Ahmad and Firishta; On the killing of 50,000 Hindus by the Muslim army, during the attack on Somnath temple, see Khondamir by Habibus Siyar [archive] page 182-183
  4. ↑ M. A. Khan. Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ In 1196 AD., Qutubuddin Aibak invaded the fort at Gwalior. To describe the incident, Minhaz-us-Siraj in his Tabakat-I-Nasiri writes, “The army of Islam was completely victorious and one lackh (100,000) Hindus were swiftly dispatched to the hell of fire. … He (Qutubuddin) destroyed the pillars and foundations of idol temples and built their stead mosques, colleges and precepts of Islam”.Radhasyam Brahmachari (28 September 2013). "How Sikhs Countered the Brutality of the Foreign Muslim Invaders, turned Rulers, in India – Part 1" [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ Jiu-Hwa L. Upshur; Janice J. Terry; Jim Holoka; George H. Cassar; Richard D. Goff. Cengage Advantage Books: World History [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  9. ↑ Richardson, Louise. What Terrorists Want (2007 ed.). Random House \. p. 27. |access-date= requires |url= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ T. S. PARTHASARATHY (1954). THE KOYIL OLUGU (HISTORY OF THE SRIRANGAM TEMPLE) [archive] (PDF). TIRUMALAI-TIRUPATI DEVASTHANAMS, TIRUPATI.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> See page 22
  11. ↑ Death by Government [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. ↑ Lars Tore Flåten (2016). Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP [archive]. ISBN 9781317208716.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ Lars Tore Flåten. The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India [archive]. ISBN 9814311677.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ Hari Ram Gupta (1978). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus [archive]. Munshiram Manoharlal.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> See page 13
  15. ↑ Russell, M. (2015). The Middle East and South Asia 2015-2016 [archive]. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 9781475818796. Retrieved 3 March 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India [archive]. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 8171569285.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ John Keay (2011). India: A History: From the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-First Century [archive]. Grove Press. ISBN 0802195504. Retrieved 27 May 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ Nazeer Ahmed. Islam in Global History: Volume One: From the Death of Prophet Muhammed to the First World War [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ Quote by Timur on the massacre of Dehli: "Excepting the quarters of the sayyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans (Muslims), the whole city was sacked." See Sikhism Origin and Development [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  20. ↑ Burgan, M. (2009). Empire of the Mongols [archive]. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 71. ISBN 9781604131635. Retrieved 3 March 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ Stephen Knapp. Crimes Against India: and the Need to Protect its Ancient Vedic Tradition: 1000 Years of A [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ M. K. Agarwal. From Bharata to India: Volume 2: The Rape of Chrysee [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ M.J. Akbar. Blood Brothers: A Family Saga [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ Paul Joseph. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ Stephen Knapp. Spiritual India Handbook [archive]. ISBN 8184950241.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. ↑ Steven E. Falconer, Charles L. Redman. Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  27. ↑ M. A. Khan (2009). Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery [archive].<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. ↑ Matthew White (2011), Aurangzeb - in Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History, W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0393081923
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  35. ↑ Ishwar Sharan. The Myth of Saint Thomas and the Mylapore Shiva Temple: Third Revised and Updated edition [archive]. ISBN 8185990913.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  56. ↑ India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics ISBN 9788131725672
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  60. ↑ * Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
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