K. S. Lal

K. S. Lal
Native name	किशोरी शरण लाल
Born	Kishori Saran Lal 1920
Died	2002
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	University of Allahabad
Occupation	Historian, Academic
Known for	Authoring books about Indian history

Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002), किशोरी शरण लाल, was an Indian historian. He wrote many historical books, mainly on medieval India. Many of his books, such as History of the Khaljis and Twilight of the Sultanate, are regarded as standard works.

Career

He obtained his master's degree in 1941 at the University of Allahabad. In 1945 he obtained his D.Phil. with a dissertation on the history of the Khaljis. This dissertation formed the basis for his book History of the Khaljis. He started his career as a Lecturer of History in the Allahabad University, though he served in this position only for a brief period.

From 1945 to 1963 he was with Madhya Pradesh Educational Service and taught at the Government Colleges at Nagpur, Jabalpur, and Bhopal. In 1963, he joined University of Delhi as a reader and taught Medieval Indian history in its History Department.

For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the University of Jodhpur (1973–79), and then at the Central University of Hyderabad (1979–83).

Besides his mother tongue Hindi, he was fluent in Persian, Old Persian, Urdu, and other languages.

In 2001 he was appointed chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian History.

Works

• History of the Khaljis (1950, 1967, 1980)
• Twilight of the Sultanate (1963, 1980)
• Lal, K.S., Studies in Medieval Indian History, Ranjit Publishers, Delhi, 1966.
• Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (1973, 1978)
• Early Muslims in India (1984)
• The Mughal Harem (1988) ISBN 81-85179-03-4
• The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992. (ISBN 81-85689-03-2)
• Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (1994) ISBN 81-85689-67-9
• Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India (1995)
• Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999) ISBN 81-86471-72-3
• Historical essays 2001
• Return to Roots: Emancipation of Indian Muslims, 2002
• Indian Muslims: Who Are They (1990, 2012) ISBN 81-85990-10-7

Other

• Muslim state in India (1950)
• Studies in Asian History (edited – 1969)
• Indian Culture. (1965) (Article)
• Shri Ram Janmabhoomi : historical notes & views, 1988
• The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims (2005) Ed. by Andrew Bostom ISBN 1-59102-307-6. Chapters by K. S. Lal: 'Muslims Invade India', 'Jihad Under The Turks and Jihad under the Mughals', 'The Origins of Muslim Slave System', 'Enslavement of Hindus by Arab and Turkish Invaders', 'Slave Taking During Muslim Rule'.
• Lal, K.S. in Indian History and Culture Society., Devahuti, D. (2012). Bias in Indian historiography.
• Lal, K.S., “The Ghaznavids in India”, in Bengal Past and Present, Sir Jadunath Sarkar Birth Centenary Number, July-December, 1970.
• Lal, K.S., “Striking Power of the Army of the Sultanate' in the Journal of Indian History, Vol. LV, Pt. III, December, 1977.

Legacy

His work has been referred and used by historians, authors, such as Andrew Bernstein, John Esposito, Saiyid Nurul Hasan, Koenraad Elst, Ibn Warraq, Robert Spencer, and others.

Lal's early books were not controversial, but some of his later works were criticised by Irfan Habib. The criticism mainly included allegation of being a spokesman for the RSS. Lal noted: "As usual [my books] have been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism." The controversy surrounding these events is reflected in the theme of the discourses of his books which allegedly describe Muslims as foreigners, destructive barbarians and immoral degenerates, Lal himself disputes these allegations, citing, in turn, that the ICHR has always been dominated by historians with a strong leftist bias and that the current controversy is "merely the outcome of an exaggerated sense of pique on the part of the excluded Left wing".

Recently, historian Jeremy Black in his book Contesting History: Narratives of Public History (2014), remarked his writings to be "recent good works".

Quotes

• It is in the domain of music in particular that the contribution of Muslims is the greatest. It is, however, difficult to claim that it is really Muslim. What they have practised since medieval times is Hindu classical music with its Guru-Shishya parampara. The gharana (school) system is the extension of this parampara or tradition. Most of the great Muslim musicians were and are originally Hindu and they have continued with the tradition of singing an invocation to goddess Saraswati or other deities before starting their performance.
  • The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992

• In the preliminary pages, the list of books "by the same author" shows that during the past fifty years I have written a dozen books on medieval Indian history beginning from 1950 onwards. As usual these have been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism. Although this gives me publicity and raises demand for my books because such reviews arouse curiosity of readers, it also provides me with an opportunity to defend myself from my detractors determined to denigrate my work. It is not customary to answer the reviewers - they have their right of judgement - but when a systematic smear campaign is launched criticising everything that I say, without a single word of appreciation for anything, a rebuttal is called for, more so when a connection and not mere coincidence is discernible between the uncharitable review of one of my books in a British journal and some other harsh reviews by a group of Aligarh historians in Indian historical journals.
  • Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, (1999)

• Like proselytization, desecrating and demolishing the temples of non-Muslims is also central to Islam.... India too suffered terribly as thousands of Hindu temples and sacred edifices disappeared in northern India by the time of Sikandar Lodi and Babur. Will Durant rightly laments in the Story of Civilization that "We can never know from looking at India today, what grandeur and beauty it once possessed". In Delhi, after the demolition of twenty-seven Hindu and Jain temples, the materials of which were utilized to construct the Quwwat-ul-Islam masjid, it was after 700 years that the Birla Mandir could be constructed in 1930s. Sita Ram Goel has brought out two excellent volumes on Hindu Temples: What happened to them. These informative volumes give a list of Hindu shrines and their history of destruction in the medieval period on the basis of Muslim evidence itself. This of course does not cover all the shrines razed. Muslims broke temples recklessly. Those held in special veneration by Hindus like the ones at Somnath, Ayodhya, Kashi and Mathura, were special targets of Muslims, and whenever the Hindus could manage to rebuild their shrines at these places, they were again destroyed by Muslim rulers. From the time of Mahmud of Ghazni who destroyed the temples at Somnath and Mathura to Babur who struck at Ayodhya to Aurangzeb who razed the temples at Kashi Mathura and Somnath, the story is repeated again and again.
  • Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, (1999)

• The scale and effectiveness of conversions by force are clearly detailed in al-Kufi's Chachnama (for Muhammad Qasim in Sindh), Utbi's Tarikh-i-Yamini (for Mahmud of Ghazni) Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir (for Muhammad Ghauri, Qutbuddin Aibak etc.) and Minhaj Siraj's. Tabqat-i-Nasiri (for the early years of the Sultanate period). All Muslim chronicles from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century write with pride about forcible conversions by rulers and nobles.
  • K.S. Lal, Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India

See also

• Jadunath Sarkar

References

• "Delhi Historians Group's Publication "Communalization of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy", A report in 2002, New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor "India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005", US Department of State
• http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360102800245