History of Aurangzib

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History of Aurangzib is a book in five volumes by Bengali historian Jadunath Sarkar about the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb.

The book is considered to be the magnum opus of Jadunath Sarkar and was written between 1912 and 1924.[1] It has been called the most authoritative account of Aurangzeb. [2] [3]

The book had its critics. A.L. Srivastava replied to the criticism that Sarkar's interpretation of the jizya was not fair, arguing that Sarkar had only summed up the agreed judgements of the Muslim jurists. C.C. David wrote that the belief that Sarkar was biased against the Mughal rulers was groundless.[4]

Volume 3 includes an appendix on Temple Destruction by Aurangzib.

Contents[edit]

Vol I[edit]

Introduction.

Fullest expansion of Mughal empire under Aurangzib, xi — commencing decline, xii — rise of Marathas, Sikhs, and European trading companies, xii — administrative breakdown in Aurangzib's last years, xiv — its causes, xv — materials of his history : official annals or namahs, xv — private histories written by officers, xvi — two histories by Hindus, xvii — monographs, xviii — Court bulletins, xix — contemporary letters, xix — European travellers : their value criticised, xxi — thanks for help, xxiii — spelling and dates xxvi.

Chapter I. Boyhood and Education. Birth, I — life during Jahangir's reign, 3 — education, 4— knowledge of languages, 5 — hand writing, 5 — favourite stu- dies, 7 — intellectual tastes, 8 — fights a furious elephant, 9 — scorn of death, 11 — reward, 12 — first military appointment,

13- Chapter II. The Bundela War.

Bundelkhand and its ruling clan, 14 — Bir Singh Dev, 15— Jhujhar Singh subdued, 17 — captures Chauragarh, 18 — Mughal armies sent against him under Aurangzib, 19 — cap- ture of Urchha, 22 — of Dhamuni, 23 — Jhujhar pursued, 24 — murdered, 25 — fate of his wives and children, 27 — spoils of war, 28 — Urchha temple turned into mosque, 29 — later Bundela resistance, 30.

Chapter III. First Viceroyalty of the Deccan.

Conquests under Akbar, 32 — pause under Jahangir, 33 — Shah Jahan extinguishes Ahmadnagar dynasty, 34 — pre- pares to invade Bijapur and Golkonda, 35 — Golkonda sub- mits, 36 — Bijapur territory ravaged, 37 — peace with Bijapur : its terms, 38— treaty with Golkonda, 41 — extent of Mughal Deccan : its four provinces, 42 — capture of Udgir fort, 44 — of Ausa, 46 — Shahji Bhonsla submits, 46 — exactions from the Gond rajahs, 49 — Baglana, 50 — invaded, 52 — annexed, 53 — Kheloji Bhonsla slain, 54.

Chapter IV. Marriage and Family — Viceroyalty of Guzerat.

Persian princes in India, 57 — marry into the Mughal imperial family, 57 — Aurangzib married to Dilras Banu, 58 — the procession, 59 — his wives : Nawab Bai, 61 — Udai- puri, 64 — Zainabadi, 65 — how won, 66 — his children : Zebun- nissa, 68 — others, 70 — Jahanara burnt, 73 — recovers, 75 — Aurangzib's dismissal, 76 — its cause, 77 — he is reinstated, 79 — Guzerat : the land and the people, 80 — his strong rule, 81.

Chapter V. War in Central Asia.

Badakhshan and Balkh, 83 — their peoples, 85 — Uzbaks and Tartars, 86— Nazar Muhammad, king of Balkh, 89 — Shah Jahan wishes to conquer Central Asia, 90 — folly of the attempt, 91 — Badakhshan invaded, 92 — Balkh occupied, 93 — arrangements for holding them, 95 — Aurangzib appoint- ed viceroy, 97— the opposed forces, 97 — his march on Balkh, 99 — advance to Aqcha, loi — incessant fighting 102 — retreat to Balkh, 104 — hardships on the way, 105 — his cool courage, 106 — peace negotiations, 107 — Mughal army evacuates Balkh, no— sufferings during retreat, in — losses, 112.

Chapter VI. Governorship of Multan and Sindh.

Aurangzib sent to Multan, 114 — his promotions, 115 — his letters as preserved in the Adab-i-Alamgiri, 116 — their historical importance, 117 — lawless people of the province, Ii8 — the Hot tribe controlled, 119 — the Nohani tribe, 121 — expedition into Baluchistan, 121-— order maintained, 123 — a new port opened, 124.

Chapter VII. First siege of Qandahar.

Qandahar district described, 126 — its strategic importance 128 — commercial importance, 129 — past history, 130 — Persians besiege Qandahar fort, 132 — treachery among the garrision, 135 — fort surrenders, 136 — incapacity of the Indian commandant, 137 — Army sent to recover the fort, 138 — fort of Qandahar described, 140 — Aurangzib besieges it, 143 — his weakness in artillery, 145 — Persians defeated by Rustam Khan, 147 — retreat of Indian army, 148 — losses, 149.

Chapter VIII. Second Siege of Qandahar.

Aurangzib sent with a second army, i5o^begins the siege, 152 — night attack on Qaitul hill fails, 154 — bad gunnery of the Indians, 157 — failure to breach, 158 — Persian losses, 160 — siege abandoned, 161 — Uzbak raid, 162 — bitter correspondence between Shah Jahan and Aurangzib, 163 — causes of the failure, 164 — Mughal losses in money and men, 167 — loss of military prestige, 168.

Chapter IX. Second Viceroyalty of the Deccan. Aurangzib goes to the Deccan, 170 — his life there, 171 — religious bigotry, 173 — Aurangabad city described, 174 — administrative confusion in the Deccan, 176 — its causes, 177 — chronic deficit, 179 — Aurangzib's financial difificulties, 182 — no help from Shah Jahan, 185 — wrangle between Emperor and viceroy, 186 — Murshid Quli Khan, diwan of the Deccan, 189 — his revenue system, 191 — Aurangzib's protection of his officers, 195 — increase of efficiency in garrison artillery, 197 — causes of Aurangzib's differences with Shah Jahan, 199 — Minor expeditions : Gond kingdom of Deogarh, 205 — tribute exacted, 208 — invasion of Jawhar, 209.

Chapter X. Invasion of Golkonda. Golkonda : its wealth, 211 — friction with the Mughal government, 212 — Karnatak conquered by Deccani sultans, 214 — Mir Jumla : his career and conquests, 216 — jealousy of Qutb Shah, 219 — Mir Jumla's intrigues, 220 — with Aurangzib, 222 — his family imprisoned at Haidarabad, 225 — Shah Jahan orders their release, 228 — Aurangzib invades Golkonda, 229 — cavalry dash on Haidarabad, 231 — plunder, 232 — Aurangzib besieges fort of Golkonda, 233 — his eagerness to annex the kingdom, 235 — Shah Jahan orders peace, 237 — terms of the treaty, 240 — Aurangzib's quarrel with Shah Jahan about the Golkonda booty, 242 — Qutb Shah still clings to Karnatak, 245 — Sri Ranga Rayal, last ruler of the Vijaynagar line, hard pressed, 248 — how treated by the Mughals, 249 — Did Aurangzib capture Hai- darabad by treachery ? 252.

Chapter XI. War with Bijapur.

Bijapur kingdom : its growth under Muhammad Adil Shah, 253 — relations with the Delhi government, 255 — suc- cession of Ali Adil Shah H., 259 — Aurangzib seduces Bijapur officers, 261 — Muglials wish to conquer Bijapur, 262 — Aurangzib begins the invasion, 264 — siege of Bidar, 265 — carried by assault, 267 — detachment under Mahabat Khan, 269 — battle, 270 — siege of Kaliani, 271 — battle, 272 — another battle, 274 — Mughal detachment penetrates to Kulbarga, 276— fall of Kaliani, 277 — terms of peace with Bijapur, 278 — Mughal retreat, 2S0 — Shivaji : his negotiations, 281 — his raids, 282 — how checked by Aurangzib, 282 — Shivaji makes peace, 284 — Parentage of Ali Adil Shah H., 285 — Was Jan Muhammad corrupted by Aurangzib ? 286.

CONTENTS. IX

Chapter XII. Illness of Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan's long reign, 290 — its glories, 291 — happiness of the people, 292 — Dara Shukoh : his influence, 294 — hie theological studies, 296 — not a heretic from Islam, 298 — his character, 299 — Shah Jahan falls ill, 302 — removes to Agra, 304 — Dara's devoted attendance, 305 — Dara nominated as successor, 306 — tries to strengthen his own position, 307 — armies sent against his brothers, 308 — Aurangzib's doings, 311 — Dara stops the sending of news from Court, 312 — alarm and confusion in the provinces, 313 — Shuja and Murad crown themselves, 315 — and march on Agra, 317. Chapter XIII. Murad crowns himself. Murad Bakhsh : his character, 318 — his wazir Ali Naqi, 220 — is murdered on suspicion, 321 — Murad sends an army against Surat, 323 — siege of Surat, 324 — booty at Surat, 325 — Murad corresponds with Aurangzib for an alliance, 227 — Murad proclaims himself Emperor, 329— chooses a stronghold to shelter his family in, 331 — Murad's impatient ambition and Aurangzib's cautiousness, 332 — intrigue with Persia, 333 — partition of empire between Murad and Aurang- zib, 335 — sworn to by Aurangzib, 337 — Murad starts, 338 — and joins Aurangzib near Dipalpur, 339. Chapter XIV. Aurangzib advances from the Deccan. Aurangzib's anxiety and uncertainty, 340 — his critical position in the Deccan, 341 — his dilemma : to attend to Bijapur or to Delhi ? 342 — his policy, 344 — sends Mir Jumla towards Parenda, 345 — retreats from Kaliani and Bidar, 346 — death of his wife Diiras Bann, 348 — waits for news of Court, 349 — despairs of getting the treaty concessions from Bijapur, 351 — various devices tried, 352 — Mir Jumla returns baffled, 354 — Aurangzib's preparations for disputing the throne, 355 — conflicting news from Delhi, and Aurang- zib's distraction, 356 — his letter to Mir Jumla in cypher, 357 — a waiting policy, 358 — Aurangzib summons Mir Jumla and collusively arrests him, 361 — Aurangzib's dealings with Qutb Shah, 364 — conciliation of Qutb Shah, 365 — dealings with Bijapur, 366 — large concessions now promised to Adil Shah, 367 — Aurangzib's financial resources, 368« — his in- trigue with nobles at Court, 369 — his military preparations completed, 370 — his able officers, 371 — his arrangements for Mughal Deccan, 372 — Aurangzib marches from Aurangabad, 374 — halts at Burhanpur, 374 — imprisons Shah Nawaz Khan, 375 — crosses the Narmada and joins Murad, 376.

Vol II[edit]

Chapter XV. Battle of Dharmat.

X Jaswant at Ujjain, i — his movements, 2— ^ries, to avert a attle, 3 — his difficulties, s — treachery in his ranks, 7 — His plan of battle, 9 — csonicnding forces, ii — order of battle, 12 — Rajput Van charges, i4--^efcnce by Aurangzib's Van, 15 — Rajputs destroyed, iH — Murad attacks the Imperial left wing, 19 — Jaswant^s flight, 21 — plunder, 22 — Aurangzib’s gain in prcsiif^c, 23 — his memorial buildings, 24— casualties, 25 — Aurangzib crosses the Chambal, iS^reaches Samu- garh, 30.

Chapter XVL Battle of Sarnugarh.

Shah jahan starts for Delhi, 32— Data gathers a new ai my, 33 — takes leave of Shah Jahan, 36— reaches Samu- g ir'i, evening before the battle, 39 — Dara’s army ; its ^or.nauon, 40— 'its weakness, 43 — Aurangzib’s l>attlc order, 4 cannonade, 46— charge Dara’s left wing, 47 — repulsed, 48— Chhatra ^l charges Murad, 49 — Rajput attack on Aurangzib, 50 — desperate fight, 51 — Dara’s foolish move- ments. 32 — havcA; by Aurangzrb's artillery, 56 — flight of Dara’s army, 57 — Dara’s escape, ^9— casualties, 60 — tactics criticised, 63.

Chapter XVII, Capture of Agra Fort and Captivity of Murad.

News of Sarnugarh reaches Agra, 65 — grief of Shah Jahan, ^6— Dara’s despondency, 67 — -his flight from Agra, 68 — Aurangzib arrives outside Agra, 70 — is joined by many nobles, 71 — his correspondence with Shah Jahan, 71 — Shah Jahan’s loving messages, 74 — Aurangzib seizes Agra city, — besieges Agra fort, jk — cuts off its water supply, 79 — Shah Jahan^s pathetic entreaty, 80 — he surrenders Agra fort, — ^Jahanara's embassy fails, 83 — Aurangzib refuses to visit Shah ^ahan, 85—1:10510 confinement of Shah Jahan, 85 — Murad s Jealousy of Aurangzib, 87— his ambition, Sp—open rivalry with Aurangzib, 00— *Murad invited by Aurangzib, 92 — welcomed and feasted, 93 — ^treacherously disarmed and


VI •


HISTORY OF AURANGZIB.


imprisoned, 94 — Murad in Gwalior prison, 97 — attempted rescue, 98 — tried for murder of Ah Naqi and beheaded, 99.

Chapter XVIII. Pursuit of Dara Shukoh.

Dara at Delhi, lOi — his difficulties, 102 — goes to l^ahore, — holds the line of the Satie j, 104 — Aurangzib at Delhi, 14 > 6 — crowns himself, 107 — his Van crosses the Satlej, 108 — Dara abandons the Bias, iio—dcsertions from his army, no — his suspicion roused against Daud Khan by a false litter, 1 12 — T)ara leaves Lahore, 113 — Aurangzib pursues Dara to Multan, 115 — history of Dara's flight down the Indus, 1 17 — pursuit to Bhakkar, 119 — Dara’s miserable con- dilion, 120— deserted by Daud Khan, 121 — pursued to Seh- wan, 123 — intercepted, 124 — escapes to Tatta, iif>~to Guzerat, 12; — return of pursuing anny, 128,

Chapter XIX. Shuja^s Struggles for the Throne.

Character of Shuja, 129 — he crowns himself, 130— ad* vances to Benares, 131 — his camp surprised by SuUiman Shukoh, I32---Shuja’s flight, 134 — treaty with Sulaiman,

1 36— Aurangzib's friendly letter to Shuja, 137 — Shuja's second advance, 139 — reaches Khajwah, I4 <t — A u rang? lb arrives to oppose him, i|i — ^advances on Shu j;Cs position, M 3 — of the battle, 144— ^Aurang/ib’s camp looted by J.tswant, 145 — panic and dispersion, 147 — Aurangzib*s cool- ness, 148 — the contending armies, 14(> — Aurangzib’.v left wini» routed, 153 — attack 00 his ctrare repelled, 154— his right wing hard pressed, 155— reinforced, l>cats Jic attack back, ’57-7-Reneral advance of Aurangzib's army, 158 — flight i»f Shuja, 159 — ^spoils, l6o~rtaairs, i 9 i.

Chapter XX. Battle oi Dcorai.

Dara's flight from Sindh, ife— wel< onifd by the Rao of tulch, 163— Dara at Ahinadabaci. i64~his conflicting plans, 165— ’invited to Ajmir by Jaswanf, 167 — Jaswant deserts Dara, i68— Data eiitren|^hej? a pass near Ajmir, 171— tattle: first day, 173— second dav, 175— third dav! 17^-Dara's left rear turned, 177— attack on Shah NawAz o i78^bstinate fight, 179— trenches stormed,

181— flight of Dara’s troops, t83— Dara's family escape i^t" — plunder, iSb^Aurangiib after victory.


CONTENTS.


vii


Chapter XXl. End of Dara Shukoh.

Data's flight to Mairta, 189— his sufferings, 191— paths dosed to him» I9>— he is refused admission to Ahmadabad, 1931— flight to Cutch, 194 — and Sehwan, 19*5 — Jai Singh's inarch in pursuit, 196 — ^reaches Ahmadabad, 197 — ^and Cutch, i98-H:rosses the Rann : terrible suffering^ of troops, 199 — loss of horses and cattle. 201 — Jai Singh's loyalty vindicated, 203 — Dara in the Baluch country, 204 — his reluctance to leave India, 206— Malik Jiwan welcomes Dara, 206— death of Dara's wife 206 — ^Jiwan teacherously impri- sons Dara, 208 — and delivers him up to the Imperial generals, 209, — Dara brought to Delhi, 210 — paraded through the streets, 21 1 — popular sympathy, 212 — Dara sentenced to death, 214 — riot, 216 — ^murder ot Dara, 217 — ^hi» burial, 219.

Chapter XXII. End of Sulatman Shukoh.

Su'aiman hears of Samugarh, 221— deserted by his troops, 222— retreats to Allahabad, 223 — marches to Hardwar, 224— his path to tlie Panjab closed, 225 — wishes to enter Garhwat. 227- — robbed and deserted by his followers. 229---seeks isyl jiit ir f?arhwa!, 230— Aurangzib invades Garhwal, 232 — Suiai.nan delivered up to the Mughals, 233 — interview with ^vrangxib, 234— drugged to death in prison, 23d.

Chapter XXIII, Pursuit of Shuja.

Sliuja's flight from Khajwah, 237— at Mungir blocks the road, 230— 'Shuja at Sahtbganj, 241*~-Mir Jumla's detour, 242— Rajput contingent secedes from Mir Junila, 243— Shuj.i s flight to Rajmahal. 245— Alawardi Khan conspires, 24() — is beheaded, 248 — Mir Jumla occupies Rajmahal,

248 — scene of the war, 249^ShuJa'« naval ^periority, 251

strategy of the war, 2S3-^Mir Jumla's first 254 — hts

second comp^ 25(1 — his third conp fails^, 258 — Prince Muham- mad deserts to Shuja, 260 — rainy season, 262*-Raimah^ water-locked, 263*— recaptured by Shuja, 264— compaign renewed, 265’~*l.>attle of Oheria, Shuja ’s rear threat-

ened, 267— -his retreat, 268-%kirmishes, 269— Shuja abandons the west bank for good, 270.

Chapter XXIV. End of Shuja.

Mir Jumla's new plan of war, 272— his base at Samdah, 273 advance on Maldah. 274 — grand turning movement.


Vlll


HISTORY OF AURANGZIB.


275— fords the Mahananda with loss, 276 — Shuja^s flight to Dacca, 278 — Mir Jumla captures Tanda, 279 — Shuja's pro- perty and harem seized, 280— Shuja’s flight from Dacca, 282 — help sent to him by the Arracanese, 283 — Shuja leaves India, 205 — his mysterious death in Arracan, 2S6— Dutch account of it, 287.

Chapter XXV Grand Enthronement of Aurangzib,

Peculiar solemnity of Aurangzib’s second coronation, 289 — features of a Muslim coronation, 290~-march through the streets, 292 — ^appearance of Aurangzib, 293 — decoration of the Diwan-i-am^ 294 — his enthronement, 296 — khutha, presents, new coins, 296 — audience held in the harem^ 298 — his new ordinances, 29t)-^tributes and presents, 299 — fireworks and illumination, 300.

Bibliography 301

Corrections and Additions .. 318

Vol III[edit]

Chapter XXVI. The First Half of the Reign, t — 42.

Two halves of the reign, their genera] features, 1 — variety of incidents in the first half, 3 — organic unity of Deccan history, 4 — Aurangzib’s movements, 5 — dates of his enthronement in different years, 8— dates of coronation festivity, 9 — his illness in 1662, 10 — visit to Kashmir, 14 — his shtkar, 15 — conquest of Assam, 16— suzerainty of Tibet, 18 — lawless risings: their causes, 19-20 — rebellions in Mathura and Agra, 21 — minor risings, 21 — Idar, 23- counterfeit Dam and Shuja, 25 — expedition against Rajah of Bikanir, 26 — Chnmpnt Rat Bundela, his history, 27- rebellion, 28 — is hunted down, 29 — Palamau described, 32 — its Rajahs, 31 — Mughal invasion of Palamau, 34 — * conquest and. annexation, 39 — Kathiawad disturbances, 40 — Kumaun invaded, 41.

Chapter XXVII. Imperial Family and Court, 43—77.

Aurangzib’s sons : Muhammad Sultan, 43 — Muazznm 44 — Azam, 47— dispute between Muazzam and Azam, 50 — Akbar, 51 — Kam Bakhsh, 53 — Zeb-un-nissa, 53 — other daughters, 54 — his sister Jahanara, 55 — first lady of the rpalm at Mughal Court, 57 — Raushanara, 58— marriages of his children, 60— chief officers, 61 — Wazlrs, 62 — Rajah Raghunath, 64 — Jafor Khan, 65 — Asad Khan, 67 — princi- pal BaJihshta, 69 — Khan-i-samans, 70— chief Sadars, 71- chief Qazisi 72 — Abdul Wahhab.. 73 — Shaikh-ul-Islam, 75 — Censor of Public Morals, 77.

Chapter XXVIII. Moral and Religious Regulations, 78 — 100.

Desolation of country and famine, 78 — transit duties on grain and ociroi on food-stuffs abolished, 79— other


11


taxes prohibited, 80 — but secretly levied, 80 — Islamic ordinances issued by Aurangzib, 81 — duties of Censor of Public Morals, 82 — “Burial of Music," 85— puritanical simplicity of Court, 87 — his moral reforms ineffectual, 90— treatment of Dara after death, 93 — persecution of Dara’s favourite theologians : Shah Muhammad, 93 — Sarmad : his life, 95 — his teachings, 96 — his execution, 99.

Chapter XXIX. Relations with the Outer Muslim World, 101—121.

Aurangzib seeks to gain good opinion of other Muhammadan States, 101 — presents to Mecca, 103 — Sharif of Mecca’s greed, 104 — relations with Persia, 105 — embassy from Persia, 107 — letters between Shah Abbas II. and Aurangzib, 108 — quarrel with Persia, 112 — envoys from Central Asia, 1 1 4 — ex-king of Kashghar a refugee in India, 115 — Turkey and its true position in the Muslim world, 1 1 8 — Abyssinian embassy, 1 20.

Chapter XXX. Last Years of Shah Jahan, 122—145.

Shah Jahan deposed and confined in Agra fort, 122 — strictly isolated, 123 — his plots for recovering liberty, 124 — rigorous treatment by jailor, 126 — forbidden to write letters, 126 — Aurangzib demands his jewellery, 128 — and Dara’s women, 129 — insolence of eunuch guards, 130 — Aurangzib justifies his own conduct, 132 — Shah Jahan’s recrimination, 135 — patience of Shah Jahan, 138 — his last years, 138 — his companions in captivity, 139 — last illness, 139 — death, 140 — burial, 143 — public indignation against Aurangzib, 145.

^Chapter XXXI. Invasion of Kuch Bihar and Assam, 146 — 182.

Geography of Assam, 146 — connection with north Bengal, 147 — Rajahs of Kuch Bihar, 148 — Ahom race, 150 — Ahom society and Government, 150 — Bengali influence


on Ahoms, 152 — Ahom wars with Mughals, 154— Ahoms take Gauhati, 155 — Mir Jumla opens campaign, 157- — annexes Kuch Bihar, 158— advances into Assam, 159— enters Gathgaon, 161 — distribution of rival forces, 162 — Mughal army isolated during rainy season, 164 — attacks by Ahoms, 166 — siege of Garhgnon, 169 — pesti- lence add famine in Mughal army, 171 — success of Mughal navy, 173 — Mughal army advances again, 175 — reaches Tipam. 176 — peace with Ahom king, 177 — Mir Jumla's retreat, 178 — his achievement. 179 — and character, 18 1— his strict control of troops, 182.

Chapter XXXII. Eastern India after Death of Mir Jumla, 183 — 213.

Ahom war indemnity, how paid, 183 — causes of friction, 184 — Ahoms renew war, 166 — Rajah Ram Singh Kachhwah fights in Assam, 187 — Mughals recover Gauhati. 190 — Ahoms finally reconquer Kamrup, 191 — Mughal wars with Kuch Bihar. 191 — tribute, 192 — gain of Kuch territory, 193 — Arrakan : relations with Bengal, 194— Chatgaon in_ Mngh bands, 194 — Fciingi adventurers in Arrakan, 195 — their piracy in East Bengal rivers, 197 — their ravages, 198 — routes of pirate ships, 200 — Bengal navy, 202 — renovated by Shnista Khan, 203 — Sondip conquered by Mughals, 204 — Feringis of Chatgaon desert to Shaista Khan, 206— Mughal expedition against Chatgaon starts, 207 — naval victories, 209 — fort Chatgaon captured, 210 — Chatgaon in Mughal hands, 212.

Appendix IV. Who was the captor of Chatgaon?

213—215.

f' Chapter XXXIII. Afghan War, 216—247.

Strong administration by Aurangzib, 216— early history of frontier Pathans, 217 — their social system and character, 218 — Yusufzais of Peshawar, 219 — robbery and invasion. 219 — no lasting peace possible, 221 — Yusuf zai rising of 1667, 223 — Mughal measures of punishment, 224 — North Peshawar district pacified, 226 — Afridi rising of 1672, 228— Md. Amin Khan plundered in Khaibar


IV


Pass, 229 — Mughal losses, 230 — Khush-hal Khan, the Khatak chieftain, 231 — general rising of all Pathan clans, 233 — disaster to Shujaet Khan in Karapa Pass, 235 — Aurangzib goes to Hassan Abdal, 237 — peace restored on the frontier, 238 — Aghar Khan’s victories, 239 — disasters and successes, 239 — Amir Khan, governor of Afghanistan, his policy and success, 243 — Khush-hal Khan continues to- resist, 246 — effect of Afghan war on Aurangzib’s 'affairs- in India, 247.

Chapter XXXIV. Islamic State-Church, 248 — 279.

The Muslim State is a theocracy, hence toleration is- impossible, 248 — jihad a duty, 249 — ideal of a Muslim State, 250 — disabilities of non-Muslims, 251 — the Canon Law sanctifies plunder and massacre of unbelievers, 255 — evil effects of this policy on the condition and character of Muslims, 257 — economic decay of the State under Islam, 260 — Keyserling on Islam and its effects, 260 — formation of nation impossible, 261 — toleration illegal according to Muslim Law, 263 — Aurangzib’s early bigotry, 265 — general order for temple destruction, 267 — jaziya : its theory, 268 — its rate, 270 — sternly levied, 271 — its yield, 274 — custom duties on Hindus doubled, 275 — Hindus excluded from public offices, 277 — bribes for conversion, 278 — melas put down, 279.

Appendix V. Temple destruction by Aurangzib extracts from authorities, 280 — 285.

Appendix VI. Shivaji’s letter protesting against the- jaziya, 285 — 289.

Chapter XXXV. Hindu Reaction, 290 — 321.

> Mathura people, how ill-treated* 291 — Abdun Nabi,. faujdar, his career, 292 — Gokla Jat’s rebellion, 293 — Gokla: defeated and executed, 294 — Satnami sect : their character, 296 — their rising how provoked, 297-— superstition about them, 298 — Satnamis suppressed, 299 — religious reforms of Chnitnnya and Nanak, 300 — their failure, 301 — spiritual decline of latter-day Sikhism, 302 — Nanak’s teaching, 303 — Arjun’s organization of Sikh sect, 306 — guru- worship begun, 307 — Har Govind wages wars with Shah Jahan, 309- — Tegh Bahadur becomes guru, 31 1 — is


VI


executed by Aurangzib, 312 — causes of the transformation of the Sikhs from a sect into an army, 314 — their blind devotion to the guru, 314 — and sense of brotherhood,

315 — Govind*s martial exercises and material aspirations,

316 — his fighting life in the hills, 317— -finally defeated at

Chamkaur, 318 — Joins Bahadur Shah I., 3 1 8-— goes to the Deccan and dies there, 318— Sikhs plunder in independent hands, 319 — their exact influence on the Mughal empire, 320. y

Chapter XXXVI. Invasion of Rnjputana, 322 — 35 J .

Marwar. its products, 322 — its commercial importance, 323 — forms the natural link between Agra and Gujrat. 323 — Jaswant Singh, the leader of the Hindus, 324— his death, 325 — Aurangzib occupies Marwar, 327 — plunders its palaces and breaks its temples, 327 — appoints lndra Singh as Rajah, 328 — birth of Ajit Singh, 329 — Aurangzib tries to seize him, 330 — Durgadas Rathor, his character, 331 — Rathor escort carry Ajit Singh out of Delhi, 333 — Aurangzib sets up a bogus Ajit Singh, named Muhammadt Raj, 334 — Aurangzib invades Marwar, 335 — the country desolated, 336 — Maharana Raj Singh : his relations with the Mughal empire, 337 — why he joined the Rathors, 338— Mughal and Rajput armies contrasted, 339— Udaipur captured and sacked, 340 — Maharana driven to the western hills, 341 — strategic disadvantages of the Mughals, 341 — Prince Akbar’s forces, strength of Rajput armies, 343 — Rajput success and - Mughal demoralization, 344 — Akbar often defeated, 345— censured and transferred to Marwar, 346 — Aurangzib’s plan of attacking Mewar, 345 (and 342) — guerilla warfare is Marwar, 347 — Akbar’s slow move- ments, 348 — Tahawwur Khan’s treasonable negligence, 349 — Akbar forces the Jhilwara Pass, 350 — Mughal hold on western Mewar confirmed, 350.

Appendix VII. Parentage of Ajit Singh: all the different authorities discussed, 351.

Chapter XXXVII. Rebellion of Prince Akbar and the end of the Rajput War, 353 — 373.

Prince Akbar, his early career, 353 — campaigns in Marwar, 354 — induced by Durgadas and the Maharana to


V


rebel against Emperor, 355 — bis deceitful letter to Aurang- zib, 356 — Akbar crowns himself, 357 — Aurangzib unguard- ed at Ajmir, 358 — Akbar delays his advance, 358 — succours come to Aurangzib, 359 — the two armies face each other, 361 — desertions from Akbar’s army, 361 — Tahawwur Khan invited to Aurangzib’s camp and murdered, 362 — Aurangzib’s false letter to Akbar causes the Rajputs to desert him, 363 — Akbar’s flight, 365 — punishment of his adherents, 365 — pursuit of Akbar, 366 — he reaches Shambhuji, 367 — Mughal war with Mewar, 368 — treaty of peace, 370 — fitful warfare in Marwar, 371— effect of the Rajput war on Mughal empire, 373.

Appendix VIII. Chronology of the Rajput war, 373-378.

Appendix IX. Tod’s Annals critically examined, 378-381.

Chronology of Aurangzib’s reign: 1st half, 382-391.

Bibliography — II ... ... ' ... 392.

Vol IV[edit]

Chapter XXXVIII. — ITie Keynote of Deccan

History in the Seventeenth Century ... I — 13

Bahmani kingdom extends Musliip dominion in the Deccan, I — Adil Shah aspires to suzerainty of the Deccan. 2 — Mughal ambition, 2 — Partition treaty of 1636, 3 — decline of Adil Shahi monarchy, 4— Maratha influence on Indian history. 5 — Aurangzib's Deccan policy criticized. 5 — Bijapur's foreign policy, 7 — causes of Shivaji's success. 9 — Mughal viceroys of the Deccan, 10 — causes of Mughal ill-success* II— Akhar*8 rebellion changes Deccan history, 12.

Chapter XXXIX. — Rise of the Maratha Power 14 — 51

Maharashtra ; its natural features, boundaries, and crops, 14— character of the Maratha people, 16 — simplicity and uniformity of their society, 17— their love of independence, 18 — Maratha soldier castes, 19 — the Bhonsle family, 21— ^Shahji’s career, 21 — birth of Shivaji, 23 — his early training, 24— religious influence on him, 25 — early conquest of Bijapuri forts. 27 — Shahji imprisoned at Bijapur, 28— how released. .30 - the Mores of javli, 30 — murder of the Mores, 31— Shivaji’s earliest dominions, 32— Shiva raids Ahmadnagar and Junnar (1657). 35 — submits to Aurangzih. 39 — his conquests in N. Konkan, 41— early oflicers. 43 — Afzal Khan sent to crush Shivaji, 44 — his message to Shivaji, 43 — interview arranged. 47 — Afzal slain, 49— his army routed, 50.

Chapter XL.-Shivaji, 1660-1669 ... ... 52-117

Siddi jauhar besieges Shivaji in Panhala. 52— escape of Shivaji, 53 — Shaista Khan's advance on Puna, 54 — capture of Chakan. 56 — desultory fighting for two years, 58— Shivaji's night-attack on Shaista Khan. 61 — Shaista Khan disgraced and recalled, 66— Surat described, 67— Marathas loot Surat, 69 — attempt to murder Shivaji, 72 — Jai Singh sent against Shivaji. 75—hi8 character. 75— his plan of war, 77— scene of war described, 79— march to Purandar, 81— Purandar forts


IV


described, 82— Vajragarh captured. 85 — Maratha efforts, 87 — towers of PuAndi.r stormed, 89 — death of Murar Baji Prabhu, 91-- Shivaji interviews Jai Singh, 93— Treaty ^f Purandar. 94— forts cedect by Shivaji, 97— Shivaji’s objections to a visit to Aurangzib, 98 — his expectations, 99 — his journey to Agra, 100 — interview with Aurangzib. 101 — is placed under guard. 106 — Shivaji’s clever escape from Agra, 108 — trade of his flight, 1 1 1 — Muazzam replaces Jai Singh as viceroy, 113 — his quarrel with Dilir Khan. 113 — Shivaji makes peace with the Emperor (1668), 118.

Chapter XLI. — Jai Singh's Invasion of Bijapur IIS— -15(

How Adil Shah provoked the Emperor. 1 1 8~ the real aim of th< Mughals, 120 — jai Singh corrupts Adil-Shahi officers and feudatories 122 — Mulla Ahmad joins the Mughals. 123 — Adil Shah deceived bj jai Singh, 125-“campaign opened, 129 — first battle.. 131 — Mugha' advance to near Bijapiir, 133 — siege impossible. 134 — Jai Singh begin* to retreat. 135 — Shivaji fails at Panhala, !37— Netaji's treason. 137— jai Singh fights many battles, 139 — hi.s movements in the Bhiina Manjira duab, 141 — his loss and disappointment, 144 — Emperor’* wrath, 146 — death of Jai Singh, |48— Udairaj turns Muslim. 150.

Chapter XLII. — Decline of the Aclil-Shahis ... 151 — 19^

The dominant military chiefs of Bijapur, 151 — weakness of this form of government, 153 — extent and revenue of Bijapur kingdom 155 — ^Ali IPs reign, 156 — succession of Sikondar and rule of wazira 157 — Khawaa Khan’s regency, 158^ — his troubles with the Afghar soldiery and the imperial viceroy, 160- -regency of Bahlul Khan 162 — Mughal invasion (1676), * Islam Khan slain, 165 — Bahadur Khar captures Naldurg and Kulbarga, 167 — state of Mughal Deccan in 1677 168— Dilir and Bahlol invade Golkonda, 170 — battles near Malkhed. 170— disastrous Mughal retreat, 172 — peace, 173 — Siddi Masaud be- comes regent. 174— smisery of the Government, 174 — Dilir invades Bijapur, 176 — Marathas as allies of Bijapur, 177 — civil war among the Bijapuri nobles, 179— Masaud submits to Mughals, 181 — ^Dilir invades Bijapur again, 182 — Shivaji assists Masaud, 184 — raids Mughal ^ territory, 185— Dilir’s troubles. 185 and 187 — he ravages villages round Bijapur, 188 and 192 — sack of Athni, 188— his bombardment of Bijapur. 189 — is censured by Emperor. 191 — invades the Berad


V


country. 193 — repuiaed at Shalipur. 194 — retires in diagrace, is recalled from the Deccan, 196.

Chapter XLllI.— Shivaji, 1670—1680 V.. 198-269

Causca of Shivaji*a ruptur* with the Mughala, •198 — storming of Singh'garh. 201 — recovers other forts, 202 — Daud Khan's v^orous campaign, 203 — Dilir disobeys Muazzam, 203 — Iftikhar Khan's mission fails, 207 — Dilir flees, Muazzam pursues, 20^ — second sack of Surat (1670), 212 — loss suffered by the city, 215 — Shivaji intercepted near Dindori. defeats Daud Khan. 217 — Maratha raid into Berar, sack of Karin ja, 219 — capture of Salhir, 222 — Mahabat and Daud's campaign in Chandor range 223 — Dilir Khan sacks Puna, 225 — disastrous defeat of Ikhlas Khan. 225 — Mughals retire, 226 — Marathr.s annex Jawhar and Ramnagar, 227 — Surat threatened for chauth, 228 — raid into Khandesh and Berar (Dec. 1672), 231 — expulsion of Marathas, 232 — Pedgaon (Mughal advanced post), its strategic importance, 233 — first attack on Shivner fails, 234 — Sbivaji's gains in South Maharashtra and Kanara, 233 — defeats Dilir Khan on the Chats. 237 — Bahadur's camp at Pedgaon looted. 238- - more Maratha successes, 239 — Shivaji befools Bahadur Khan with false proposals of peace, 240 — raids in 1676, 242 — Shivaji’a diplomatic preparations for the Karnatak expedition, 244- bribes Bahadur Khan. 245 — treaty of Haidarahad. 246 — his gains in the Karnatak, 247 — conquests on return from Madras, 248 — Maratha activity in 1678. 249— Goikonda and Bijupur against Shivaji, 231 — Shamhhuji joins Dilir Khan, 232 — they capture Bhnpalgarh, 253 — Dilir invades Bijapur (1679), 255 — Shivaji assists Biiapur, 256 — sacks jalna, 2‘'7— narrowly c*:rapcs capture, 238 — Shivaji’s domestic troubles and death. 2(s0 — extent of his kingdom, 261 — chaath, 263 — policy of plunder, 264 — Shivaji’s character, 266 — his influence on history, 268.

Chapter XIJV. — Rcigri of Shainbhuji * ... 270 — 361

Shambhuji confined in Panhala, 270 — Rajaram crow'ned, 271 — desertions to Shambhuji. 273 — he enters Raigarh. 276 — is crowned. >77 — sack of suburbs of Burhanpur, 279 -Khan -i-Jahan's failure. 280 — raid on Aurangabad defected. 282 — other Maratha activities (1681). 283 — ^Prince Akbar flees to Maharashtra, 285 — Annaji Datto's plot to


VI


murder Shambhuji. 287 — punisifed. 288~Kavi-kala8h his favourite minister, * 290— Akbar 8 relations with Shambhuji, 292 — AurangzibV defensive arrangements. Mughal 'attack developed (1682), 294— siege of Ramsej, fails 295— Mughal etforts (winter of 1682—83). 298— bravery of Jani Begam. 301— struggle in Kalian. 303— Einperoi suspects his sons# capricious changes of his mind. 305— Marathas anc English, 308 — Shambhuji's naval strength, 310 — Siddi atrocities. 311— Shambhuji bombards Janjira (Jan. 1682). 312 — assault (July) fails, 313— naval defeat (Oct.) 313b-Portuguese provoke war with Shambhuji 315 — he sacks towns in Thana district. 317 — besieges Chaul, 318 — viceroy of Goa attacks Phonda, 321 — forced to make disastrous retreat 323 — Shambhuji occupies Santo Estevao, 325 — crushing defeat c viceroy. 326— Marathas overrun Salsette and Bardes. 327 — Maratb gains from Portuguese in N. Konkan, 331 — peace terms. 332 — wr renewed, 333 — impolicy of this war, 334 — Akhar's aims,. 335 — Akbar disappointment and disgust with Maralha Court, 336— tries to sa to Persia, 339 — dissuaded by Kavi'kalash, 341 — desertions and r hellions against Sh^’imbhuji, 343 — Mughal offensive opened (wint of 1683-84), 346 — Shah Alam invades S. Konkan by Rom-gbal pas 347 — his dealings with Goa, 349 — burns and sacks Ratiiegiri ar ‘ Savant-vadi towns, 349 — famine in his army, 350 — disastrous retres pestilence, 352 — minor operations (1684), 353, 356 — Sbambhuji’s vi and indolence, 355 — raid into Khandesh (Feb. 1685), 357 — Sbambh- makes treaty with English : terms, 359.^


Chapter XLV. — Fall of Bijapur ... 362 — y

Aurangzib's policy towards Bijapur from 1680 to 1683. 362 Bijapuris fail to help in crushing Marathas. 364 — Mughal expeditic against Bijapur frontier, 365 — miserable condition of Adil-Shr> Court. 367 — angry correspondence with Aurangzib. 368 — defensi measures against Mughal invasion, 369 — city of Bijapur describe. 372 — fortifications %uid guns, 373 — siege of Bijapur begins. 374 — si- progress, difficulties of besiegers. 376 — famine in Azam's army, 37'- reinforced by Firuz Jang, 381 — Aurangzib arrives, 383 — Shah Alai- secret diplomacy. 384 — sufferings of the besieged. 385 — vigors - Mughal efforts. 386 — Sikandar Adil Shah capitulates. 388- audience with Aurangzib. 389— Aurangzib* s grand entry into Bijap . 391 — the city in ruin, 392— captivity and death of Sikandar, 393.


vii

Chapter XLVI. — Decline of "the Qutb-Shahis 395—422

Abdullah's character and govi^rnment, 395— quarrel among his sons-in-Iaw, 396 — Abul Hasan married to his third daughter, 397 — Sayyid Ahmad defeated. Abtil Hasan crowned, 396— Madanna be- comes wazir, 399 — his alliance ' ith die Marathas f^r defence against Mughals, 400 — Emperor fleeces and insults Qutb Shah. 402 — Abul Hasan's sensuality, love of art, 403 — offences of Qutb Shah in Aurangzib's eyes. 405 — Aurangzib sends Shah Alam to seize Haidara- bad (1665), 406— Mughal progress arrested, battles near Malkhed, 410 — dissensions among Qutb-Shahi generals, their resistance suddenly ends, 412 — second Mughal capture of Haidarabad, 414 — skirmish with a Mughal detachment at Munagal, 416 — Madanna murdered, 417. Appendix : Madanna : The history of his family. 420 — his nephew. Gopanna, a saint, 421.

Chapter XLVI I. — Fall of Golkonda 423 — 456

Aurangzib marches to Golkonda, 423 — Haidarabad described, 424 — fort of Golkonda described, 424 — siege begins, Qalich Khan mortally wounded, 429 — Shah Alam'.s secret intrigue with Qutb Shah, 430 — is imprisoned with his sons, 432 — Emperor's distrust of Shias, 434 - changes in the post of Mir Atish, 435 — skirmishes, 436 — Firuz Jang’s night attack fails. 437 — rain and famine, 440 — sortie by the garrison (15th June), many Mughal officers captured, 441 — Abul Hasan offers terms and food. 442 — Mugbals fire mines (20th June), heavy loss from explosion, sortie by garrison, 444 — rain and storm, severe battle, 447 — Mughal failure, 448 — havoc caused by famine, 449 — Aurangzib's vigorous efforts, 450 — Golkonda betrayed by Sardar Khan, 451 — heroic resistance of Abdur Razzaq Lari. 452 — Abul Hasan arrested. 454 — his calmness in danger, 455 — the spoils of Golkonda, 456.

Chapter XLVIll. — Downfall of the Ma|;atha

Kingdom ... ... ... 457-484

Mughals conquer Bijapuri provinces, 457 — Sagar capitulates, death of Pam Nayak, 456 — Adoni surrenders, 460 — Azam captures Belgaum, 460 — Emperor at Bijapur, 460 — bubonic plague, its mortality. 461 — Akbar's plans and movements, 463 — ^his effort to break through fails, 465 — embarks for Persia. 466 — Shambhuji'a loss of good officers.


468--Maratha activity 1685 — 168>, 470 — risings against Shambhuji^ of Maratha dominions, .472 — ShambhuiL cap- tured. 475~farade^ tbiro camp, ' T^S^executed. 480— Rajaram crowned, 481 — escapes, 481 — Raigarh surrenders, 483. Appendix : Ishwardas Nagar’s narrative cf events 1685-1689. 485— Shambhuji'a navy, 488.

Chapter XXXVIII. — ^The Keynote of

Deccan Histoiy in the Seventeenth Century ... ... ... 1—12

Bahmahi kingdom extends Muslim dominion in the Deccan, 1— -Adi! Shah aspires to suzerainty of the Deccan, 2- — ^Mughal ambition, 2 — ^Partidoh treaty of 1636, 3 — decline of Adlil-Shahi monarchy, 3 — ^Maratha influence on Indian history, 4 — ^Aurang- zib’s Deccan policy criticised, 5 — Bijapui’s foreign policy, 7 — causes of Shivaji’s success, 8 — ^Mughal viceroys of the Deccan, 9 — causes of Mughal ill-success, 10 — ^Akbar’s rebellion changes Deccan history. 11.

Chapter XXXIX. — Rise of the Maratha

Power ... ... 13 — 40

MaJaarashtra : its natural features, boundaries, and crops, 13— -chiaracler of the Maratha people, 14 — simplicity and uni- formity of their society, 16 — ^dieir love of independence, 17 — Maratha soldier castes, 18 — ^the Bhonsla family, 19 — Shahji’s career, 20— birth of Shivaji, 21 — ^his early training, 22 — religious influence on him, 23 — chooses a career of independence, 24 — early conquest of Bijapuri forts, 25— extent of his first kingdom, 26 — Shahji imprisoned at Bijapur, 27 — ^how released, 28 — the Mores of Javli, 29 — murder of the Mores, 30 — Shivaji’s earliest officers, 31— Shiva raids Ahmadnagai and Junnar (1657), 32 — submits to Aurangzib, 33 — ^Afzal Khan sent to crush Shivaji, 35 — his message to Shiva. 36 — ^interview arranged, 37 — ^Afzal slain, 39 — his army routed, 40.

Chapter XL.— Shivaji, 1660—1669 ... 41—98

Siddi Jauhar besieges Shivaji in Panhala, 41 — escape of


ii

Shivaji, 42 — Shaista Khan’s advance on Puna, 43 — capture of Chakan, 45— desultory fighting for two years, 46— Shivaji’s night-attack on Shaista Khan, 47 — Shaista Khan disgraced and recalled, 51 — Surat described, 52 — ^Marathas loot Surat. 55 — attempt to murder Shiva, 57— Jai Singh sent against Shivaji, 59 — his character, 60 — ^his plan of war, 62 — ^unites enemies of Shiva, 62 — scene of war described. 63 — march to Purandar, 65 — Purandar forts described, 66— Vajragarh captured, 69 — ^Maratha efforts, 71 — towers of Purandar stormed, 72 — death of Murar Baji Prabhu, 75 — Shivaji interviews Jai Singh, 76 — ^Treaty of Purandar. 77 — forts ceded by Shivaji, 80 — Shivaji’s objections to a visit to Aurangzib, 81 — ^his expectations, 82 — ^his journey to Agra, 83 — interview with Aurangzib, 84 — is placed under guard, 87 — imperial policy during Shiva’s captivity, 89 — Shivaji’s clever escape from Agra, 90 — track of his flight, 93 — ^Muazzam replaces Jai Singh as viceroy, 95 — ^his quarrel with Dilit Khan, 95 — Shiva makes peace with the Emperor (1668), 98,

Chapter XLI. — Jai Singh’s Invasion of

Bijapur ... ... 99 — 129

How Adil Shah provoked the Emperor, 99 — the real aim of the Mughals, 101 — ^Jai Singh corrupts Adil-Shahi officers and feudatories, 102— Mulla Ahmad joins the Mughals, 104— Adil Shah deceived by Jai Singh, 105 — campaign opened, 109— first battle. 111 — Mughal advance to near Bijapur, 113 — siege im- possible, 114— Jai Singh begins to retreat, 115— Shivaji fails at Panhala, 1 16 — 'Netaji’s treason, 1 17 — ^Jai Singh fights many battles. 118 — ^his movements in the Bhima-Manjira duab, 121— his loss and disappointment, 123 — ^Emperor’s wrath, 125— death of Jai Singh, 127 — ^Udairaj turns Muslim, 129.

Chapter XLII. — Decline of the Adil-Shahis 130 — 172

The dominant military chiefs of Bijapur, 130 — weakness of this form of government, 133 — extent and revenue of Bijapur kingdom, 134 — ^Ali II’s reign, 135 — ^succession of Sikandar and rule of tVazirs, 135 — Khawas Khan’s regency, 137 — his troubles


m

with the Afghan soldiery and the imperial viceroy, 138 — regency of Bahlol Khan, 140 — Mughal invasion (1676), Islam Khan slain, 142 — Bahadur Khan captures Naldurg and Kulbarga (1677), 144— state of Mughal Deccan in 1677, 146 — ^Dilir and Bahlol invade Golkonda, 147 — battles near Malkhed, 148 — disastrous Mughal retreat, 149 — peace, 150 — Siddi Masaud becomes regent, 151 — misery of the Government, 151 — ^Dilir invades Bijapur, 153— Marathas as allies of Bijapur, 153 — civil war among the Bijapuri nobles, 155 — Masaud submits to Mughals, 157 — ^Padishah Bibi married to Prince Azam, 157 — Dilir invades Bijapur again, 159 — Shivaji assists Masaud, 160 — raids Mughal territory, 162 — Dilir's troubles. 160 and 162 — he ravages villages round Bijapur, 163 and 167 — sack of Athni, 164 — ^his bombardment of Bijapur, 165 — is censured by Emperor, 166 — ^invades the Berad country, 168 — is repulsed at Shahpur, 169 — retires in disgrace, is recalled from the Deccan, 170.

Chapter XLIIL— Shivaji, 1670—1680 ... 173—238

Causes of Shivaji’s rupture with the Mughals, 173 — storming of Singh-garh, 175 — recovers other forts, 176 — Daud Khan’s vigorous campaign, 178 — Dilir disobeys Muazzam, 179 — Iftikhar Khan’s mission fails, 180 — Dilir flees, Muazzam pursues, 182 — second sack of Surat (1670), 185— loss suffered by the city, 188 — -Shivaji intercepted at Vani, defeats Daud Khan, 190 — Maratha raid into Berar, sack of Karinja, 192 — capture of Salhir, 194— Mahabat and Daud’s campaign in Chandor range, 196 — Bahadur Khan sacks Puna, 197 — disastrous defeat of Ikhlas Khan, 198 — Mughals retire, 198 — Marathas annex Jawhar and Ramnagar, 199 • — Surat threatened for chauth, 200 — raid into Khandesh and Berar (Dec. 1672), 202 — Bahadur’s forced marches, expulsion of Marathas, 203 — Pedgaon (Mughal advanced post), its strategic importance, 205 — first attack on Shivner fails, 206 — Shiva’s gains in South Maharashtra and Kanara, 207 — defeats Dilir Khan on the Ghats, 208 — Bahadur’s camp at Pedgaon looted, 210 — more Maratha successes, 210 — Shiva befools Bahadur Khan with false proposals of peace, 212 — raids in 1676, 213— Shivaji’s diplomatic


iv ■

preparations for the Karnatak expedition, 215 — bribes Bahadur Khan, 215— close alliance with Golkonda, 216— treaty of Haidara- bad, 217— his . gains in the Karnatak, 217— conquests on return from Madras, 218— Maratha activity in 1678, 220— Golkonda and Bijapur against Shiva, 221— Shambhuji joins Dilir Khan, 222 — they capture Bhupalgarh, 223~intrigue and counter-intrigue, 222—223, 225— Dilir invades Bijapur (1679), 225— Shivaji assists Bijapur, is defeated, 226 — ^sacks Jalna, 228 — ^narrowly escapes capture, 228 — Shivaji’s domestic troubles and death, 230 — extent of his kingdom, 231 — chaaih, 232 — ^policy of plunder, 233 — Shivaji’s character, 234 — ^his influence on history, 237.

Chapter XLiV. — Reign of Shambhuji ... 239 — 299

Raja Ram crowned, 239^ — desertions to Shambhuji, 241 — he enters Raigarh, 242— punishes Raja Ram’s partisans, 243 — is crowned, 243 — sack of suburbs of Burhanpur, 245 — Khan-i- Jahan’s failure, 246 — raid on Aurangabad defeated, 247 — ^Prince Akbar flees to Maharashtra, 249 — friendly relations with Sham- bhuji, 250 — Aurangzib’s defensive arrangements, 252 — Sham- bhuji creates enemies in Maharashtra, 253 — Kavi-kuiesh, his favourite minister, 253 — ^Mughal attacks developed (early 1682), 255 — siege of Ranasej, fails, 257 — ^Mughal military efforts, (winter of 1682-83), 259 — Emperor suspects his sons, capricious changes of his mind. 262^ — Marathas fail to take Underi, 265 — ^naval skir- mishes, 266— bombard Janjira (Jan. 1682), 267 — assault Quly)' fails, 267 — naval defeat (Oct ), 268 — ^English policy of “keeping fair with all”, 269 — ^Portuguese make war on Shambhuji, 269 — he sacks their towns in Thana district, 270 — lays siege to Chaul, 271 — ^viceroy of Goa besieges Ponda, 274, — is forced to make a disastrous retreat, 275 — Shambhu’s attempts to capture Goa, 276 — ^Maratha gains from Portuguese in North Konkan, 278 — war languishes, impolicy of this war, 279 — Akbar’s aims, 281 — Shambhuji's interests differ from Akbar’s, 283 — Akbar’s dis- appointment and disgust with Maratha Court, 283 — tries to take ship for Persia, 284 — rebellions against Shambhuji, 287 — Mughal offensive opened (winter of 1683-84), 288 — Shah Alan?


V


invades South Konkan by Ram-ghat pass, 289 — his policy towards Goa, 291 — sacks Vingurla and Malvan, 291 — famine in his army, 293-^disastrous retreat, pestilence, 294 — minor operations during 1684, 295 — raid into Khandesh (Feb. 1685), 298,

Chapter XLV.— -Fall of Bijapur ... 300 — ^329

Aurangzib’s policy towards Bijapur from 1680 to 1683, 300- — Bijapuris fail to help’ in crushing Marathas, 302 — Mughal expeditions against Bijapur frontier, 303 — miserable condition of Adil-Shahi Court, 304 — angry correspondence with Aurang- zib, 305 — defensive measures against Mughal invasion, 307— city of Bijapur described, 308 — fortifications and guns, 309 — siege of Bijapur begins, 311 — slow progress, difficulties of besiegers, 313 — famine in Azam’s army, 315 — reinforced by Firuz Jang, 317 — Aurangzib arrives, 319 — Shah Alam’s secret diplomacy, 320 — sufferings of the besieged. 321— vigorous Mughal efforts, 322 — Sikandar Adil Shah capitulates, 324 — his audience with Aurangzib, 325 — Aurangzib’s grand entry into Bijapur, 326 — the city in ruin, 327 — captivity and death of Sikandar, 328.

Chapter XLVI. — Decline of the Qutb-Shahis 330-— 352

Abdullah’s character and government, 330- — quarrel among his sons-in-law, 331 — Abul Hassan married to his third daughter, 332— Sayyid Ahmad defeated, Abul Hassan crowned, 333 — Madanna becomes xjoazir, 334 — ^his alliance with the Marathas for defence against Mughals, 335 — ^Emperor fleeces and insults Qutb Shah, 336 — ^Abul Hassan’s policy of peace at any price, 337 — his sensuality, love of art, 338— offences of Qutb Shah in Aurangzib’s eyes, 339 — Aurangzib sends Shah Alam to seize Haidarabad (1685), 342 — ^Mughal progress arrested, battles near Malkhed, 343 — dissensions among Qutb-Shahi generals, their resistance suddenly ends, 345 — ^second Mughal capture of Haidarabad, 347 — skirmish with a Mughal detachment at Munagal, 349 — Madanna murdered, 350. Appendix: Madanna: The history of his family, 353 — his nephew, Gopanna, a saint, 354.


vi .

Chapter XLYII.—Fall of Golkonda ... 356—386^

Aurangzib marches to Golkonda, 356 — Haidarabad described, 357 — fort of Golkonda described, 357~siege begins, Qalich Khan mortally wounded, 361— Shah Alaro’s secret intrigue with Qutb Shah, 362 — is imprisoned with his sons, 364 — ^Emperor'a distrust of Shias, 366 — changes in the post of Mir Atish, 367 — skirmishes, 368 — Firuz JangV night attack fails, 369 — rain and famine, 371— sortie by the garrison {1 3th June), many Mughal ofRcers captured, 372 — ^Abul Hassan offers terms and food. 374' — rejected, 374— Mughals fire mines (20th June), heavy loss from explosion, sortie by garrison, 374 — rain and storm, severe battle, 377— Mughal failure, 379— havoc caused by famine, 380— Aurang- zib’s vigorous efforts, 381 — Golkonda betrayed by Sardar Khan, 382— heroic resistance of Abdur Razzaq Lari, 383 — ^Abul Hassan arrested, 384 — ^his calmness in danger, 385 — the spoils of Golkonda. 386.

Chapter XLVIII. — Downfall of the

Maratha Kingdom ... ... 387 — 407

Mughals conquer Bijapuri provinces, 387 — invade the Berad country, 387 — Sagar capitulates, death of Pid Nayak, 388 — 'Adoni surrenders, 389 — Azam captures Belgaum, 390 — Emperor at Bijaput, 390 — bubonic plague, its mortality, 391 — Akbat’s plans and movements, 392 — ^his effort to break through fails, 394 — is chased back to Konkan hills, 395 — embarks for Persia, 396 — Maratha activity 1685 — 1687, 397 — ^risings against Shambhuji, 397 — Shambhuji captured, 399 — paraded through camp, 402 — executed. 403 — ^Raja Ram crowned, 404 — escapes, 404-— Raigarh. surrenders, 406 — Shambhuji’s entire family captured, 406. Appendix : Ishwardas Nagar’s narrative of events 1685-1689, 408 — Shambhuji's navy. 412.


Vol V[edit]

CHAPTER XLIX.— A Survey of the Last

Eighteen Years .. .. .. 1 — 15

The tragedy of Aurangzib’s life, 1 — his move- ments during his last 20 years, 4 — Maratha recovery after 1689, S — ^war during 1692-93, 7 —

Aurangzib at Islampuri, 9 — his sieges, 12 — miserable condition of t?he country, 13 — sad end of Aurangzib, 14.

CH. L. — Operations in Western Deccan

during 1689-1695' . . . . . . 16—41

Maratha ministers and generals in 1689, 16 —

Rajarani’s accession, 17 — ^his flight to Madras Karnatak, 18 — Aurangzib takes many forts, 20 — Marathas capture Rustam Kh., 23 — Panhala besieged by Muizz-ud-din, 26 — Lutfullah's cam- paigns, 30 — fighting in 1691-92, 32 — Santa and Dhana active, 34 — Kari fort, 37 — Santa’s move- ments, 37, Appendix A, Rajaram’s flight to Jinji, 39.

CH. LL — Conquest of the Madras Karna- tak . . . . . . 42—90


Karnatak: its divisions, 42 — Harji Mahadik, Maratha viceroy of Jinji, 44 — Mughals enter Karnatak, 46 — confusion and disorder, 48 — Rajaram’s Court af? Jinji, 52 — his dealings with the French and the English, 53 — Zulfiqar Kh. arrives, 57 — Jinji fortifications described, 58 —


11


Zulfiqar begins siege, 60 — Santa and Dhana raise siege of Jinji, 65 — ^Kam .Bakhsh intrigues,

67 — is arrested, 70 — Mughal retreat to Wandi -wash, 7A — operations during 1693, 78 — Zulfiqar against Tan j ore, 80 — operations in 1696, 85 — fall of Jinji, 88.

CH. LII. — Struggle with the Marathas during

1695-1700 .. .. .. 91—112

Qasim Kh. against Santa, 91 — driven into Dodderi, 95 — hardships of Mughals, 96 — they capitulate, 97 — Himmat Kh. killed by Santa,

98 — Basavapatan relieved, 100 — civil war bet- ween Santa and Dhana, 102 — death of Santa,

103 — his character, 105 — Rajaram in Maha- rashtra, 107 — his last expedition, 108 — death of Rajaram, 111 — Tara Bai as regent, 111.

CH. LIII. — Mughal-Maratha struggle in

Konkan .. .. .. 113 — 128

Divisions of Konkan, 113 — its strategic im- portance, 11-1 — Konkan under Shivaji, 115 —

Mughal invasion, 116 — Matabar Kh's conquests in Nasik district, 119 — and in Thana district,

Vh — Matabar’s buildings in Kalian, 123 — he renews war, 125— attacks Portuguese in Bassein,

126 — last years of Matabar, 128.

CH. LIV. — Aurangzib . besieges Maratha

forts . . . . . . . . 129—155

Islampuri base, 129 — Satara besieged, 130 —

falls, 134 — Parli captured, 135 — hardships during retreat, 136 — flood in Khawaspur camp, 138 —


Ill

Panhala besieged, 140 — ^Md. Murad’s deeds,

141 — Maratha activities, 143 — Khelna (Vishal- garh) besieged, 147 — Fathullah’s heroism, 149 — sufferings during Mughal return, 151 — siege of Kondana (Singh-garh), 153 — of Rajgarh and Torna, 154.

CH. LV. — Internal History of the Mara-

thas .. .. .. .. 156—172

Ramchandra Amatya, regent of the West,

156 — Rajaram’s doings in Jinji, 157 — Maratha system of guerilla warfare, 158 — factions among Maratha ministers, 159 — Tara Bai’s character,

161 — int«ernal dissensions, 163 — Shahu’s captive life, 164 — Maratha allies of Mughal s, 167 —

Raibhan, 171.

CH. LVI.— Capture of Wagingera, 1705 .. 173—190

.Berad race, character, 173 — their Nayak family, 174 & 189 — Pidia Nayak’s career, 176 —

Wagingera described, 178 — siege of Wagingera,

180 — fight with Marathas, 182 — peace negotia- tions, 183 — Nasrat Jang’s victories, 185 — Wagin- gera taken, 187, Appendix B,, Berad Nayak Family, 189.

CH. LVII. — The Last Phase . . . . 191 — 216

Desojation of the country, 191 — plunder and disorder, 192 — famine, 194 — Maratha system of spoliation described, 195 — change in Maratha tactics, 197 — Aurangzib ill at Devapur, 198 — marches to Ahmadnagar, 201 — despair, 201 —

Maratha predominance, 203 — Azam Shah plots


IV


against Kam Bakhsh, 206 — ^las^ illness of Aurangzib, 208 — death, 209 — Appendix: Aurang- zib's last letters to Azam, 210 and to Kam Bakhsh, 211 — ^his last will 213.

CH. LVIIL— War in Rajputana, 1681-1707 . . 217—236

War with Rathors for 30 years, 217 — three stages of the war, 219 — ^how Shujaet Kh. con- trolled Marwar, 221 — Durgadas and Durjan Sal Hada^s raids, 224 — Akbar^s daughter res- tored to Aurangzib, 228 — ^also his son Buland Akhtar, 229 — second revolt of Durgadas and Ajit, 232 — ^they submit 235 — A jit's final triumph, 236.

CH. — Disorder in Northern India . . 237 — 251

Causes of brigandage, 237 — Jat risings near Agra, 238 — Rajaram Jat's doings, 239 — killed,

242 — Jat forts taken, 243 — Churaman Jat, 244 — Pahal S. Gaur rebels, 245 — ^liis sons, 247 —

Gangaram Nagar's rebellion in Bihar, 249 —

Gopal S. Chandrawat in Malwa, 251.

CH. LX. — Engrlish Traders in India . . 252 — 291

Early English trade with Bengal, 252 — ^fric- tion with Mughal officials, 255 — grievances of English merchants examined, 256 — Mughal Government's position explained, 259 — English sack Hughli (in 1686), 263 — seize Hijli, 265 — plunder and burn Balesore, 267 — Emperor par- dons English traders, 269 — Sir Josiah Child orders war uppn the Mughals, 271 — English factors at Surat imprisoned, 273 — European piracy in Indian seas, 275 — Ganj-t-Sawai looted 277 — Surat factors imprisoned, 280 — Capt. Kidd


V


plunders the Queda Merchant, 284 — European traders forced to supply convoys, 286 — Sir W. Norris’s embassy, 287 — confinement of Sir J. Gayer, 287 — Dutch reprisals, 289. Appendix C. English trade farmans, 290.

CH. LXI. — Some Provinces

Bengal: its natural wealth, 292 — peace secured by Mughal conquest, 293 — ^i)eople’s sufferings in 1660, 297 — Shaista Kh’s good deeds, 299 — Shova S. and Rahim Kh’s rebellion, 304 — Bengal under Murshid Quli Kh., 308 — Murshid Quli’s revenue arrangements, 311 — Malwa: its wealth, strategic importance, and composite population, 312 — first Maratha incursion, (1699), 315 — Nima Sindhia’s raid (1703), 316 — Bidar Bakht in Malwa, 319 — examples of disorder, 320 — Bundclkhand: Chhatra Sal’s early career, 322 — rebellion, 324 — later career, 327 — Gond- zvana: its old kingdoms, 329 — Deogarh history, 330 — Chanda, 331 — Bakht .Buland’s career, 335 — and success, 338 — Kashmir: Emperors’ visits, 339 — ignorance and poverty of people, 340 — superstition, 342 — flood, earthquake and fire in Srinagar, 343 — Mughal viceroys and their doings, 344 — Shia- Sunni fights, 346 — Prophet’s footprints adored, 348 — popular credulity, 348 — Gnjrat: the gate of India, 349 — lawless tribes, 351 — Maratha incursions, 354 — Dhana’s invasion (1706), battle of Ratanpur, 354 — persecution of Bohras, 355 — and of Khojas, 356.

CH. LXI I. — Condition of the People

Decline of the Mughal empire, 358 — peace how very necessary, 359 — economic exhaustion caused


292—357


358—386


VI


by Aurangzib's wars, 360 — ^natural calamities, 362 — trade and manufactjure ruined, 364 — ^pea- sants robbed, 365 — Government turns bankrupt, 366 — unpaid officials starve, 367— disorder and mal-administration in N. India, 370 — subahdars too poor and weak to govern, 371 — condition of Rajpute, 372 — decay of Indian civilisation under Aurangzib, 373 — official inefficiency, 375 — ill education and depravity of nobles, 376 — pre- valent vices, 377 — superstitions, 378 — contempt for foreign science, 380 — slavery, 380 — official bribery, 381 — clerks, their life and character, 383 — purity and joys of life of the masses, 384 — popular religions, 385.

CH. LXIII. — Aurangzib and Indian Nation- ality

Character of Aurangzib, 387 — his over- centralisation and its effects, 390 — real nature of Mughal Government, an autocracy, 392 — Hindu and Muslim outlook upon life contrasted, 394 — political suppression of the Hindus, 397 — decline of Indian Muslims, its causes, 398 — ^the Indo-Muslim an exotic, with intellectual vacuity due to language, 398 — weakness of Hindu socie- ty, 400 — religious amity and strife, 401 — un- progressive spirit of old India, 403 — significance of Aurangzib's reign in history, 404.

CH. LXIV. — The Empire of Aurangzib : its Resources &c.

Empire’s extent, 406 — revenue, 407 — official peerage and their pay, 408 — escheat of dead officers’ property, its harmful effect, 409 — manufactures, 410 — export trade, 411 — imports 412 — chief articles of export, 414 — administra- tive system, 414 — chief officers, 415 — provinces, 417.

References[edit]

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  1. A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 By E. Sreedharan
  2. A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India By B.N. Puri, M.N. Das
  3. C. Collin Davies, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1 (Apr., 1949), pp. 104-106 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25222314 [archive]
  4. A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 By E. Sreedharan

External links[edit]

  1. Sarkar, Jadunath (1912). History of Aurangzib [archive]. M. C. Sarkar & Sons. Retrieved 31 August 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>