Bharatiya Jana Sangh
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2013) |
Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh | |
---|---|
Founder | Syama Prasad Mukherjee |
Founded | 21 October 1951 |
Dissolved | 1977 |
Split from | Hindu Mahasabha |
Merged into | Janata Party (1977–1980) |
Succeeded by | Bharatiya Janata Party (1980–present) |
Ideology | Hindu nationalism Hindutva National conservatism[1] |
Political position | Right-wing |
Colours | Saffron |
Election symbol | |
Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party | |
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (abbrv. BJS, short name: Jan Sangh, full name: Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh[2]) was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.[3] In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. After the Janata Party split in 1980, the former Jan Sangh was recreated as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently India's largest political party by primary membership and representation in the Lok Sabha.
Origins
After 1949, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work and take their ideology further. Former Hindu Mahasabha leader Syama Prasad Mookerjee also left the party over disagreement with Mahasabha members over permitting non-Hindu membership of that party.[4][5][6] The BJS was subsequently started by Mookerjee on 21 October 1951[7] in Delhi in collaboration with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) as a "nationalistic alternative" to the India Congress.[8] After the death of Mookerjee, the RSS activists in the party edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the RSS family of organisations (Sangh Parivar).[9]
The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and like the RSS, its ideology was centred on Hindutva. In the 1952 general elections to the Parliament of India, Bharatiya Jana Sangh won three seats, Mookerjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right Swatantra Party of Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. Its strongest parliamentary performance came in the 1967 Lok Sabha election, when the Congress majority was its thinnest ever.[10]
Ideology
The BJS was ideologically close to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and derived most of its political activist base and candidates from the RSS ranks.
The BJS also attracted many economically conservative members of the Indian National Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress Party. The BJS's strongest constituencies were in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
The BJS leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the USSR and communism. Many BJS leaders also inaugurated the drive to ban cow slaughter nationwide in the early 1960s.[11]
During the Emergency of 1975
In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency, and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, the Congress (O), and the Socialist Party, to form the Janata Party (People's Party). The Janata Party became the first Indian government not led by the Indian National Congress. Former BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L. K. Advani became the External Affairs (Foreign), and Information and Broadcasting Ministers respectively.
Chronological list of presidents
- Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1951–52)
- Mauli Chandra Sharma (1954)
- Prem Nath Dogra (1955)
- Debaprasad Ghosh (1956–59)
- Pitambar Das (1960)
- Avasarala Rama Rao (1961)
- Debaprasad Ghosh (1962)
- Raghu Vira (1963)
- Debaprasad Ghosh (1964)
- Bachhraj Vyas (1965)
- Balraj Madhok (1966)
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (1967–68)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1968–72)
- Lal Krishna Advani (1973–77)
In general elections
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was created in 1951, and the first general election it contested was in 1951-52, in which it won only three Lok Sabha seats, in line with the four seats won by Hindu Mahasabha and three seats won by Ram Rajya Parishad. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee and Durga Charan Banerjee were elected from Bengal and Uma Shankar Trivedi from Rajasthan. All the like-minded parties formed a block in the Parliament, led by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee.[12][13]
The party steadily improved its electoral performance until, as a constituent of the Janata Party in 1977, it won 94 seats. Despite having around half the strength of the ruling faction it settled for only two ministerial positions offering rest of them to the coalition partners. Even the Prime minister Morarji Desai came from a Party having less half the strength of BJP in the Lok Sabha.[citation needed]
Year | General Election | Seats Won | Change in Seat | % of votes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1951 Indian general election | 1st Lok Sabha | 3 | – | 3.06 | [12][14] |
1957 Indian general election | 2nd Lok Sabha | 4 | Increase 1 | 5.93 | [13][14] |
1962 Indian general election | 3rd Lok Sabha | 14 | Increase 10 | 6.44 | [13][14] |
1967 Indian general election | 4th Lok Sabha | 35 | Increase 21 | 9.41 | [13][14] |
1971 Indian general election | 5th Lok Sabha | 22 | Decrease 13 | 7.35 | [15][14] |
Formation of BJP (1980 onwards)
After the Janata Party's poor showing in the 1980 elections, most of the members left to form the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980, though it did not completely disbanded;[8] The BJP soon came forward as the second largest party in Indian Politics and later in 1998 led the National Democratic Alliance forming a national government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In 2014 elections, the BJP emerged as the largest single party in the lower house (Lok Sabha) of the Indian Parliament, forming a government under the leadership of Narendra Modi. In 2019 elections, the BJP led by Narendra Modi and party president Amit Shah bettered its numbers from 2014 winning 303 seats on its own and NDA getting 353 seats in total with its allies.
On 17 January 2000, there were reports of the RSS and some BJP hard-liners threatening to restart the party. Former president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Balraj Madhok had written a letter to the then RSS chief Rajendra Singh for support. This was because of their discontent over Atal Bihari Vajpayee rule as the Prime minister of India, since they felt he and the rest of the party had softened their ideology and its demands of a Uniform Civil Code, abolition of Article 370 and the Ram temple at Ayodhya.[8]
References
- ↑ Baxter, Craig (1969). The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 171.
- ↑ Donald Anthony Low, ed. (1968), Soundings in Modern South Asian History [archive], University of California Press, pp. 372–, GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ
- ↑ Gurumurthy, S (16 October 2013). "Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional" [archive]. The Hindu. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ↑ Urmila Sharma & SK Sharma 2001, p. 381.
- ↑ Kedar Nath Kumar 1990, pp. 20–21.
- ↑ Islam 2006b, p. 227.
- ↑ "FOUNDING OF JAN SANGH" [archive]. www.bjp.org. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Sharad Gupta; Sanjiv Sinha (18 January 2000). "Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines" [archive]. The Indian Express. Archived from the original [archive] on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ↑ Kanungo, Pralaya (November 2006), "Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny", Social Scientist, 34 (11/12): 51–69, JSTOR 27644183 [archive]
- ↑ "General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha" [archive] (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 5. Archived from the original [archive] (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ↑ "Anti-cow slaughter mob storms Parliament | From the Archives (dated November 8, 1966)" [archive]. The Hindu. 8 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X [archive]. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Thousands of rupees worth of damage to buildings and vehicles, both private and public, was caused by the mob which, in a violent and vociferous way, was demonstrating for the imposition of a ban on cow slaughter by Government. The parties who organised the demonstration, the number of participants in which was estimated between 3 lakhs and 7 lakhs, were the Jan Sangh, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Arya Samaj and the Sanatan Dharma Sabha
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nag 2014, chapter 1.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Archis Mohan (9 October 2014). "The roots of India's second republic" [archive]. Business Standard. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 165.
- ↑ Nag 2014, chapter 4.
Sources
- Nag, Kingshuk (2014). The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-8129134295.
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(help) - Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Oringally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism [archive]. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
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Further reading
- Baxter, Craig (1971) [first published by University of Pennsylvania Press 1969]. The Jana Sangh - A Biography of an Indian Political Party [archive]. Oxford University Press, Bombay. ISBN 0812275837.
- Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38348X.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653011.
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