B. B. Lal
B. B. Lal | |
---|---|
Born | Braj Basi Lal Script error: No such module "age". |
Nationality | Indian |
Occupation(s) | Archaeologist, Director-General Archaeological Survey of India (1968 - 1972) |
Known for | Work on Indus Valley Civilization sites, Mahabharat sites, Kalibangan |
Braj Basi Lal (ब्रज बासी लाल) (born 2 May 1921[1]), better known as B. B. Lal, is an Indian archaeologist. He was the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1968 to 1972 and has served as Director of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla. Lal also served on various UNESCO committees.[2]
He received the Padma Bhushan Award by the Government of India in 2000.[2]
Early life and background
Born in Jhansi, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India,[1] Lal obtained his master's degree in Sanskrit, including the Vedas, with a First class degree from Allahabad University, India.[3][4]
Career
After his studies, Lal developed interest in archaeology and in 1943, became a trainee in excavation under a veteran British archaeologist, Mortimer Wheeler, starting with Taxila,[4] and later at sites such as Harappa and Sisupalgarh in Odisha.[5] Lal went on to work as an archaeologist for more than fifty years.
In 1968, he was appointed the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India where he would remain until 1972. Thereafter, Lal served as Director of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla.[2]
Archaeological work
The Archaeological Survey of India had performed conservation and restoration of Buddhas of Bamiyan, Khwaj Parsa’s Mosque at Balkh and the shrine of Khwaja Abu Naser under R. Sen Gupta and Lal in Afghanistan.[6]
Between 1950-52, Lal worked on the archaeology of sites accounted for in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, including Hastinapura, the capital city of the Kurus. He made discoveries of many Painted Grey Ware (PGW) sites in the Indo‑Gangetic Divide and upper Yamuna‑Ganga doab.[5]
In Nubia, the Archaeological Survey of India, Lal and his team discovered Middle and Late Stone Age tools in the terraces of the river Nile near Afyeh. The team excavated a few sites at Afyeh and cemetery of C-group people, where 109 graves would be located.[6][7] Lal worked on Mesolithic site of Birbhanpur (West Bengal), Chalcolithic site of Gilund (Rajasthan) and Harappan site of Kalibangan (Rajasthan).
In 1975-76, Lal worked on the "Archaeology of Ramayana Sites" project funded by the ASI, which excavated five sites mentioned in the Hindu epic Ramayana - Ayodhya, Bharadwaj ashram, Nandigram, Chitrakoot and Shringaverapur. In the seven-page preliminary report submitted to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Lal disclosed the discovery by his team of "pillar bases", immediately south of the Babri mosque structure in Ayodhya.[5][8]
Prof. B. B. Lal has published several books and over 150 research papers and articles in national and international scientific journals.[2][5] In his 2002 book, The Saraswati Flows On, Lal criticised the earlier Aryan invasion/migration theory, arguing that the Rig Vedic description of the Sarasvati River (which dried up by 2000 BCE) as "overflowing" contradicts the claim made by certain previous historians that the Indo-Aryan migration occurred 300 years after they contend the Sarasvati River dried up (in 1500 BCE) and which they also contended had led to the end of the Indus Valley Civilization.[4]
Ayodhya dispute
In Lal's 2008 book, Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology and Other Sciences, he writes (that):
"Attached to the piers of the Babri Masjid, there were twelve stone pillars, which carried not only typical Hindu motifs and mouldings, but also figures of Hindu deities. It was self-evident that these pillars were not an integral part of the Masjid, but were foreign to it."[9]
Legacy
The B. B. Lal Chair at Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT, Kanpur) has been established in his honour.[10]
The British archaeologists Stuart Piggott and D.H. Gordon describe Copper Hoards of the Gangetic Basin and the Hastinapura Excavation Report, two of Lal's works published in the Journal of the Archaeological Survey of India, as models of research and excavation reporting.[5]
Honors
- Prof. Lal was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 2000.[2][11]
- It is true that the Rigveda does not provide us details of the inner layout of these forts, but surely the text was not meant to be a treatise on Vastusastra. May it be remembered that it is essentially a compilation of prayers to gods and should be looked at as such. All the evidence that it provides regarding the material culture of the then people is only incidental.
- Aryan invasion of India: perpetuation of a myth, In: Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. — 1st ed. — London: Routledge, 2005. p.67.
Personal life
Lal continues to live in Delhi.[4] His son Vrajesh Lal is a businessman based in the United States.[2]
Works
- B.B. Lal (1952). New Light on the "dark Age" of Indian History: Recent Excavations at the Hastinapura Site, Near Delhi [archive]. Illustrated London news.
- B. B. Lal (1953). Studies in Early and Mediaeval Indian Ceramics: Some Glass and Glasslike Artefacts from Bellary, Kolhapur, Maski, Nasik and Maheshwar [archive].
- Braj Basi Lal (1955). Excavations at Hastinapura and Other Explorations [in the Upper Gangā and Sutlej Basins], 1950-52 [archive].
- Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao; Braj Basi Lal (1960). Excavation at Rangpur and Other Explorations in Gujarat [archive].
- B. B. Lal (1963). The Only Asian Expedition in Threatened Nubia: Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas [archive]..[7]
- Jagat Pati Joshi; Braj Basi Lal (1963). Comparative Stratigraphy of the Protohistoric Cultures of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent [archive]. Ethnographic and Folk-Culture Society, U.P.
- Braj Basi Lal (1964). Indian Archaeology Since Independence [archive]. Motilal Banarsidass.
- B. B. Lal (1968). Indian Rock Paintings: Their Chronology, Technique and Preservation [archive].
- B.B. Lal (1972). The Copper Hoard Culture of the Ganga Valley [archive]. Heffer.
- B. B. Lal (1977). On the Most Frequently Used Sign in the Indus Script [archive].
- B. B. Lal (1978). Weathering and Preservation of Stone Monuments Under Tropical Conditions: Some Case Histories [archive].
- B.B. Lal (1978). Scientific Examination of Works of Art and History [archive]. Indian Association for the Study of Conservation of Cultural Property.
- Special survey reports on selected towns: Dumka, 1981.
- Braj Basi Lal (1982). Has the Indus Script Been Deciphered? [archive]. Indian Inst. of Advanced Study.
- Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, 1984.
- B. B. Lal (1993). Excavation at Śṛiṅgaverapura: (1977-86) [archive]. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. [12]
- Braj Basi Lal (1997). [[The Earliest civilization of South Asia: rise, maturity, and decline]] [archive]. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-107-4.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Jagat Pati Joshi; D. K. Sinha; Braj Basi Lal (1997). Facets of Indian Civilization: Prehistory and rock-art, protohistory: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.B. Lal (Vol. 1) [archive]. Aryan Books International. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- B. B. Lal (1998). [[India 1947-1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization]] [archive]. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-129-6.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Braj Basi Lal (2002). [[The Sarasvatī flows on: the continuity of Indian culture]] [archive]. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-202-6.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Braj Basi Lal (2003). Excavations at Kalibangan: The Early Harappans, 1960-1969 [archive]. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India.[12]
- A. S. Bisht; Surinder Pal Singh; B. B. Lal (2004). Studies in Art and Archaeological Conservation: Dr. B.B. Lal Commemoration Volume [archive]. Agam Kala Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7320-059-5.
- B. B. Lal (2005). The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna and Archaeology. Aryan Books. ISBN 8173052832.
- Braj Basi Lal; R. Sengupta (2008). A Report on the Preservation of Buddhist Monuments at Bamiyan in Afghanistan [archive]. Islamic Wonders Bureau. ISBN 978-81-87763-66-6.
- B. B. Lal (2008). [[Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu]]: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences [archive]. Aryan Books. ISBN 978-81-7305-345-0.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - B. B. Lal (2009). [[How Deep Are the Roots of Indian Civilzation?]]: Archaeology Answers [archive]. Aryan Books. ISBN 8173053766.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Braj Basi Lal (2011). Excavations at Bharadwaja Ashram: with a note on the exploration at Chitrakuta [archive]. Archaeological Survey of India.
- Braj Basi Lal (2011). [[Piecing Together - Memoirs of an Archaeologist]] [archive]. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-417-4.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Braj Basi Lal (2015). The Rigvedic People - 'Invaders'?/'Immigrants'? or Indigenous?. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-535-5.
- Historicity of the Mahabharata: Evidence of Literature, Art and Archaeology
Wikipedia bias and defamation
Wikipedia user Kautilya3 [archive] says [1] [archive] about bias on the wikipedia articles:
Joshua Jonathan, I am intending to revert this edit [archive] of yours, which is said to have copied content from the B. B. Lal page. I find it full of polemics and innuendo and short on substance. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 22:08, 19 September 2021 (UTC)
- I object; it also changed the structure of the article. What exactly do you find "full of polemics"? Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 05:07, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
- The very section title "Lal's pillars (1990)" smacks of a partisan attack. And what is the first sentence saying? Why such WP:CITEKILL, without even saying what the "controversial stance" is? What does this have to do with archaeology of Ayodhya anyway?
- Multiple "historians" are supposed to have criticised it. Well, historians are not archaeologists. All these historians had a chance to testify in the Allahabad High Court and their testimonies fell apart under cross-examinations. Here [archive] is a sample of what happened in the court.
- Most citations are missing urls or miss page numbers etc. (This is characteristic of POV pushers.) The ones I checked are hardly authentic. Kristin Romey [archive] is hardly a scholar. She is at best a scientific journalist. Brian Hole [archive] apparently did a PhD on this dispute and went off to doing something else. He cites a key publication (Lal 2001)[13] but then ignores everything that was revealed in it. Romey doesn't even cite it. She isn't aware of it at all.
- Whatever might be our predelictions, there are clearly two camps: pro-Masjid and pro-Mandir. No THIRDPARTY scholars have managed to interrogate the two sides the way Allahabd High Court managed to do. So we can't ignore the Court judgement. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 13:27, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 B. B. Lal [archive]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 B. B. Lal Chair at IIT Kanpur [archive], Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur website.
- ↑ 'Let not the 19th century paradigms continue to haunt us!' [archive], Inaugural Address delivered at the 19th International Conference on South Asian Archaeology at University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy on 2–6 July 2007, online link [archive], archaeologyonline.net
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Archaeologist B.B. Lal talks about his book 'The Saraswati Flows On' : Books" [archive]. India Today. 12 November 2001. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Book review by Dr. V. N. Misra [archive], Book review of The Saraswati Flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture, by Chairman of Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies journal Man and Environment; (vol. XXVI, No. 2, July–December 2001)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Archaeological endeavours abroad [archive], Archaeological Survey of India Official website.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Abstract [archive], A comparison of Fulani and Nadar HLA, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- ↑ "I found pillar bases back in mid-seventies: Prof Lal" [archive]. Indian Express. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ↑ "Ayodhya: High Court relies on ASI's 2003 report" [archive]. Economic Times. Oct 1, 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ↑ "Faculty Chairs" [archive]. IIT Kanpur. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ↑ "Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009)" [archive] (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original [archive] (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Memoirs [archive], On Excavations, Indus Seals, Art, Structural and Chemical Conservation of Monumets, Archaeological Survey of India Official website.
- ↑ Lal, B. B. (2003), "A note on the excavation at Ayodhya with reference to the Mandir-Masjid issue", in Layton, Robert; Thomas, Julian (eds.), Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property [archive], Routledge, pp. 117–126, ISBN 9781134604982
- Well, then clean-up that section. Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 16:02, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
Brian Hole
Brian Hole writes here [archive]: "Template:FormattingError"
So you would think, "brilliant, here is somebody who knows archaeology and he is examining identity politics". But, as far as Ayodhya is concerned, I don't see him having done any new investigation other than what has already been published in various places. (UCL thesis [archive]). For example, B. B. Lal had said repeatedly that his funding was cut off and he could't complete the report of his excavations. Obviously, it was cut off by the "nation state". You would think a scholar investigating the issue would try to find out why it was cut off, who did it and for what reason. No such luck!
So when he says "Template:FormattingError", it is just idle speculation and hardly based on any facts. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 14:59, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
- Another interesting comment: "Template:FormattingError" (p. 84)
- Kishore Kunal writes that, when he was the special officer for coordinating the VHP-BMAC negotiations, the BMAC historians requested the archaeological materials. The Director General of ASI wrote back,
- So Lal is being blamed for the decisions being made by the "highest level", whoever it is. And a scholar who claims to be an advocate of "public archaeology" has no interest in these matters! -- Kautilya3 (talk) 16:04, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
References
See also
References
Bibliography
- Dhaneshwar Mandal (2003). Ayodhya, Archaeology After Demolition: A Critique of the "new" and "fresh" Discoveries [archive]. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2344-9.
- "Mahabharata Historicity by Prof. B B Lal" [archive].
External links
- The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts [archive] By Archaeologist B.B. Lal
- Let not the 19th century paradigms continue to haunt us! [archive] Inaugural Address, by Prof. Lal, delivered at the 19th International Conference on South Asian Archaeology, 2007
- List of publications [archive] at worldcat.org
- http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html [archive] Why Pepetuate Myths ?
- http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/bookreviews/sarasvatiflowsonrv.html [archive] The Saraswati Flows On : The Continuity of Indian Culture, B. B. Lal
- http://www.hvk.org/articles/0302/167.html [archive] B.B. Lal's book buries the Aryan Invasion myth by exhuming India's true antiquity
- http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl001.html [archive] The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
- http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/19th-century-paradigms.html [archive] B.B. Lal 19th Century Paradigms
- https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:B._B._Lal&oldid=1003502680#BLP_problems [archive]
- Prof B B Lals Scholarship Is Well-Established. Let Them Not Convince You Otherwise. [archive]
- https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5649 [archive]
- https://swarajyamag.com/culture/bblal-a-life-in-search-of-truth [archive]
- https://swarajyamag.com/culture/archaeologist-k-k-muhammed-takes-a-walk-down-memory-lane-with-padma-bhushan-awardee-b-b-lal [archive]
https://www.firstpost.com/opinion-news-expert-views-news-analysis-firstpost-viewpoint/prof-bb-lal-how-the-dean-of-indian-archaeology-dug-out-truth-on-ait-and-ayodhya-temple-11254131.html [archive]
https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/prof-bb-lal-dug-up-distorted-past-freed-ram-temple-from-communist-grip-and-proved-the-historicity-of-epics/ar-AA11Fn2q [archive]
https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2016/2016-01-book-review-the-rig-vedic-people-were-indigenous-to-india-not-invaders/ [archive]
https://asc.iitgn.ac.in/assets/publications/book_chapters/Professor_BB_Lal_Legacy_Michel_Danino_2018.pdf [archive]
https://draupaditrust.org/images/felicitating%20an%20archaeological%20legend%20Prof%20B.B.Lal%20Content.pdf [archive]
https://www.scribd.com/doc/190988111/Can-the-Vedic-People-Be-Identified-Archaeologically-by-B-B-LAL [archive]
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- 1921 births
- Living people
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- Allahabad University alumni
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