Alain Daniélou

Alain Daniélou
Alain Daniélou
Born	4 October 1907 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Died	27 January 1994 Lonay, Switzerland
Occupation	Indologist
Nationality	French
Subject	Culture of India
Partner	Raymond Burnier
Relatives	Jean Daniélou

Alain Daniélou (4 October 1907 – 27 January 1994) was a French historian, intellectual, musicologist, Indologist, and a noted Western convert to and expert on Shaivite Hinduism.

In 1991, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

Early life and education

His mother, Madeleine Clamorgan, was from an old family of the Norman nobility; a fervent Catholic, she founded schools and a religious order, Order of Sainte-Marie, for women teachers in civilian costume under the patronage of St. François-Xavier. His father, Charles Daniélou, was an anticlerical Breton politician who held numerous national ministerial posts in the Third Republic. One of his brothers was Roman Catholic prelate and Académie française member, Jean Daniélou.

He received his education at the Institution Notre-Dame de Sainte-Croix, Neuilly-sur-Seine, and at St. John's College, Annapolis. The young Daniélou studied singing under the famous Charles Panzéra, as well as classical dancing with Nicholas Legat (teacher of Vaslav Nijinsky), and composition with Max d'Ollone. Subsequently, he performed professionally on stage with dancers like Floria Capsali and Marjorie Daw. Growing up he rebelled against his mother's deep devotion to her faith, but his father remained a positive influence, which helped in developing his musical talent and in coping with his homosexuality. He studied piano and singing, learning the songs of Duparc and Chausson and the Lieder of Schumann and Schubert. He started writing poems, as acquired proficiency in English and other European languages.

Career

India: 1932-1960

He and his partner, Swiss photographer Raymond Burnier, first went to India as part of an adventure trip, and they were fascinated with the art and culture of the nation. Daniélou and Burnier were among the first Westerners to visit India's famed erotic temples in the village of Khajuraho and Burnier's stunning photographs of the ancient temple complex launched the site internationally. The photographs were featured in an exhibition at the New York's Metropolitan Museum.

In 1932, during his first trip to India, he met one of the great influences poet Rabindranath Tagore. His close association with Rabindranath Tagore lead to him being the director of Tagore’s school of music at Shantiniketan (Visva-Bharati University). Subsequently in 1935, he joined the Banaras Hindu University, where he studied Hindu music, Sanskrit, Indian philosophy and Hindu religion for the next 15 years. In 1949, he was appointed as a research professor at the University, a post he held until 1953. he also remained the director of the College of Indian Music. In Banaras (now Varanasi), he lived a mansion on the banks of the Ganga, named Rewa Kothi. During these years, he studied Indian classical music in Varanasi with Shivendranath Basu and played the veena, which he started playing professionally. He also studied Hindi, Sanskrit languages as well as Indian philosophy. His interest in the symbolism of Hindu architecture and sculpture, lead to long trips with Burnier to Khajuraho, Bhubaneswar and Konarak, sites in central India and Rajasthan. He also translated some works of Swami Karpatri by whom he was initiated into Shaivism under the name Shiva Sharan (Protected by Shiva).

In 1953, he joined the Adyar Library and Research Centre at the Theosophical Society Adyar near Madras (now Chennai), where he was the director of a centre of research into Sanskrit literature until 1956. In 1959, he became a member of French Institute of Pondicherry, which works in the field of Indology.

Europe: 1960 onwards

Upon his return to Europe in 1960, he was appointed an adviser to UNESCO's International Music Council, which led to a number of recordings of traditional music such as Unesco Collection: A Musical Anthology of the Orient, Musical Atlas, Musical Sources and Anthology of Indian Classical Music - A Tribute to Alain Daniélou. In 1966, he became the founder and director of the International Institute for Comparative Music Studies and Documentation in West Berlin, where he remained till 1977; he also remained the director of the Istituto Internazionale di Musica Comparata in Venice from 1969 to 82.

He worked on classical Indian music. But his more important contribution to Indology is his writings on the ancient wisdom of the Veda, Hindu philosophy, and Shaivism.

He is the author of over thirty books on Indian music and culture. He received several awards for his work on music. He was also a photographer and artist.

Awards and recognition

He was an Officer of the Légion d'Honneur, an Officer of the Ordre National du Mérite, and Commander of Arts and Letters. He was the director of the UNESCO Collection series, a series of recordings of traditional world music. In 1981, he received the UNESCO/CIM prize for music, and, in 1987 the Kathmandu Medal from UNESCO.

Quotes

• Symbolically, Ganesha represents the basic unity of the macrocosm and microcosm, the immense being (the elephant) and the individual being (man). This highly implausible identity is however a fundamental reality and the key to all mystic or ritual experience as well as to Yogic possibilities. Without being aware of Ganesha, and without worshipping him, no accomplishment is possible.
  • Alain Daniélou, in Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus (1992), p. 90.

• Sanskrit is constructed like geometry and follows a rigorous logic. It is theoretically possible to explain the meaning of the words according to the combined sense of the relative letters, syllables and roots. Sanskrit has no meanings by connotations and consequently does not age. Panini's language is in no way different from that of Hindu scholars conferring in Sanskrit today.
  • Alain Danielou in: Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 1 August 1993 , p. 17.

• Symbolically, Ganesha represents the basic unity of the macrocosm and microcosm, the immense being (the elephant) and the individual being (man). This highly implausible identity is however a fundamental reality and the key to all mystic or ritual experience as well as to Yogic possibilities. Without being aware of Ganesha, and without worshipping him, no accomplishment is possible.
  • Alain Daniélou, in Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus (1992), p. 90

• From the time Muslims started arriving, around 632 AD, the history of India becomes a long, monotonous series of murders, massacres, spoliations, and destructions. It is, as usual, in the name of 'a holy war' of their faith, of their sole God, that the barbarians have destroyed civilizations, wiped out entire races. Mahmoud Ghazni was an early example of Muslim ruthlessness, burning in 1018 of the temples of Mathura, razing Kanauj to the ground and destroying the famous temple of Somnath, sacred to all Hindus. His successors were as ruthless as Ghazni: 103 temples in the holy city of Benaras were razed to the ground, its marvelous temples destroyed, its magnificent palaces wrecked.
  • Alain Danielou: Histoire de l' Inde

• India whose ancient borders stretched until Afghanistan, lost with the country of seven rivers (the Indus Valley), the historical center of her civilization. At a time when the Muslim invaders seemed to have lost some of their extremism and were ready to assimilate themselves to other populations of India, the European (British) conquerors, before returning home, surrendered once more to Muslim fanaticism the cradle of Hindu civilization.
  • Alain Danielou, Histoire de l'Inde - Alain Danielou p. 355

• The faithful of Shiva or Dionysus seek contact with those forces which...lead to a refusal of the politics, ambitions and limitations of ordinary social life. This does not involve simply a recognition of world harmony, but also an active participation in an experience which surpasses and upsets the order of material life.
  • Alain Daniélou, in Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

Legacy

In 2004, to mark his tenth death anniversary a photo exhibition, "India through the eyes of Alain Danielou (1935-1955)" was hosted at the Alliance Française, Hyderabad.

Works

• While the Gods play, Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and Destiny of Mankind
• Gods of Love and Ecstasy, The Tradition of Shiva & Dionysus, Omnipresent Gods of Transcendence
• The Hindu Temple; Deification of Eroticism
• Music and the Power of Sound
• A Brief History of India (Inner Traditions, 2003)
• The first unabridged translation of the Kama Sutra
• Virtue, success, pleasure & liberation: the four aims of life in the tradition of ancient India
• Ragas of North Indian Classical Music
• The Way to the Labyrinth: An Autobiography published by New Directions.
• The Myths and Gods of India, Hindu Polytheism
• Yoga, The Method of Re-Integration
• Yoga, Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe
• Fools of God
• Song-poems - Rabindranath Tagore, Texts in English, French and Bengali & Melodies
• The Congress of the World With miniatures of tantric cosmology
• Sacred Music, its Origins, Powers and Future, Traditional Music in Today's World
• The situation of Music and Musicians in the countries of the Orient
• Introduction to The Study of Musical Scales
• Tableau Comparatif des Intervalles Musicaux, (Comparative Table of Musical Intervals) published by Institut Français d'Indologie Pondichéry, No. 8, 1958
• Northern Indian Music: Vol. One, Theory, History and Technique
• Northern Indian Music: Vol. Two, The Main Ragas
• The Phallus, Sacred Symbol of Male Creative Power
• India, a civilization of differences: the ancient tradition of universal tolerance
• Shiva And The Primordial Tradition: From the Tantras to the Science of Dreams

Discography

• Unesco Collection: A Musical Anthology of the Orient
• Anthology of Indian Classical Music - A Tribute to Alain Daniélou
• Musiciens et Danseurs de la caste des Ahirs (1951)
• Religious Music of India (1952)
• Musical Atlas
• Musical Sources (Philips, Holland)
• Anthology of North Indian Classical Music - (Bärenreiter-Musicaphon, Kassel)

See also

• Francois Gautier
• Michel Danino
• Jean Filliozat
• Louis Renou

External links

• The Way to the Labyrinth: An Autobiography by Alain Danielou
• Official web site of Alain Danielou (English)
• A Biography
• Article on Daniélou
• Exhibition catalogue of Khajuraho photographs, Metropolitan Museaum of Art [1]
• http://www.pragyata.com/mag/classic-distortion-the-darker-side-of-alain-danielous-work-759